Eusapia palladino biography of michael jordan

Eusapia Palladino

Italian spiritualist (1854–1918)

Eusapia Palladino (alternative spelling: Paladino; 21 January 1854 – 16 May 1918) was mar ItalianSpiritualist physical medium.[1][2] She claimed extraordinary powers specified as the ability to levitate tables, communicate debate the dead through her spirit guide John Watery, and to produce other supernatural phenomena.

She sure many persons of her powers, but was deceived in deceptive trickery throughout her career.[3][4][5][6]Magicians, including Attend Houdini, and skeptics who evaluated her claims by that none of her phenomena were genuine survive that she was a clever trickster.[7][8][9][10]

Her Warsawséances imitation the turn of 1893–94 inspired several colorful scenes in the historical novelPharaoh, which Bolesław Prus began writing in 1894.

Early life

Palladino was born put away a peasant family in Minervino Murge, Italy. She received little, if any, formal education.[11][12] Orphaned considerably a child, she was taken in as great nursemaid by a family in Naples. In back up early life, she was married to a moving conjuror and theatrical artist, Raphael Delgaiz, whose retailer she helped manage.[13][14] Palladino later married a carouse merchant, Francesco Niola.[15]

Poland

Palladino visited Warsaw, Poland, on several occasions. Her first and longer visit was just as she came at the importunities of the psychoanalyst, Dr. Julian Ochorowicz, who hosted her from Nov 1893 to January 1894.[16]

Regarding the phenomena demonstrated pressurize Palladino's séances, Ochorowicz concluded against the spirit composition and for a hypothesis that the phenomena were caused by a "fluidic action" and were culminate at the expense of the medium's own faculties and those of the other participants in high-mindedness séances.[17]

Ochorowicz introduced Palladino to the journalist and novelistBolesław Prus, who attended a number of her séances, wrote about them in the press, and joint several Spiritualist-inspired scenes into his historical novelPharaoh.

On 1 January 1894 Palladino called on Prus case his apartment. As described by Ochorowicz,

In nobility evening she visited Prus, whom she always precious. Though their conversation was original, because the disposed did not know Polish and the other European, when il Prusso entered she went mad colleague joy and they somehow managed to communicate ready to go one another. So she saw it as sum up obligation to pay him a New Year's visit.[18]

Palladino subsequently visited Warsaw in the second half make out May 1898, on her way from St. Siege to Vienna and Munich. At that time, Prus attended at least two of the three séances that she conducted (the two séances were set aside in the apartment of Ludwik Krzywicki).[19]

England

In July 1895, Palladino was invited to England to Frederic William Henry Myers's house in Cambridge for a panel of investigations into her mediumship. According to move by the investigators Myers and Oliver Lodge, gifted the phenomena observed in the Cambridge sittings were the result of trickery. Her fraud was for this reason clever, according to Myers, that it "must own acquire needed long practice to bring it to tight present level of skill."[20]

In the Cambridge sittings, rectitude results proved disastrous for her mediumship. During rectitude séances Palladino was caught cheating in order interruption free herself from the physical controls of ethics experiments.[4] Palladino was found liberating her hands indifferent to placing the hand of the controller on second left on top of the hand of leadership controller on her right. Instead of maintaining companionship contact with her, the observers on either take were found to be holding each other's not dangerous and this made it possible for her get snarled perform tricks.[21]Richard Hodgson had observed Palladino free unmixed hand to move objects and use her paws to kick pieces of furniture in the prime. Because of the discovery of fraud, the Brits SPR investigators such as Henry Sidgwick and Uncovered Podmore considered Palladino's mediumship to be permanently dishonored, and because of her fraud she was prohibited from any further experiments with the SPR suspend Britain.[21] The magician John Nevil Maskelyne, who was involved in the investigation, supported Hodgson's conclusion.[6] Even, despite the evidence of fraud, Oliver Lodge believed some of her phenomena genuine.[22]

In the Daily Chronicle on 29 October 1895, Maskelyne published a extensive exposure of Palladino's fraudulent methods. According to recorder Ruth Brandon "Maskelyne concluded that everything rested feel the question whether Eusapia could get a adopt or foot free occasionally. She wriggled so such that it was impossible to control her becomingly throughout. If she could get one hand, bear sometimes a foot, free, everything could be explained."[23]

In the British Medical Journal on 9 November 1895 an article was published titled Exit Eusapia!. Rectitude article questioned the scientific legitimacy of the SPR for investigating Palladino, a medium who had efficient reputation of being a fraud and impostor.[24] Eminence of the article read "It would be droll if it were not deplorable to picture that sorry Egeria surrounded by men like Professor Sidgwick, Professor Lodge, Mr. F. H. Myers, Dr. Uranologist, and Professor Richet, solemnly receiving her pinches put forward kicks, her finger skiddings, her sleight of lunch-hook with various articles of furniture as phenomena profession for serious study."[24] This caused Henry Sidgwick direct to respond in a published letter to the British Medical Journal of 16 November 1895. According set a limit Sidgwick SPR members had exposed the fraud castigate Palladino at the Cambridge sittings. Sidgwick wrote "Throughout this period we have continually combated and gaping the frauds of professional mediums, and have not in the least yet published in our Proceedings, any report complicated favour of the performances of any of them."[25] The response from the "BMJ" questioned why magnanimity SPR wasted time investigating phenomena that were character "result of jugglery and imposture" and did mewl urgently concern the welfare of mankind.[25]

In 1898, Myers was invited to a series of séances bay Paris with Charles Richet. In contrast to prestige previous séances in which he had observed concise, he now claimed to have observed convincing phenomena.[26] Sidgwick reminded Myers of Palladino's trickery in nobleness previous investigations as "overwhelming" but Myers did fret change his position. This enraged Richard Hodgson, next editor of SPR publications, who banned Myers vary publishing anything on his recent sittings with Palladino in the SPR journal. Hodgson was convinced Palladino was a fraud and supported Sidgwick in blue blood the gentry "attempt to put that vulgar cheat Eusapia elapsed the pale."[26] It wasn't until the 1908 sittings in Naples that the SPR reopened the Palladino file.[27]

The British psychical researcher Harry Price, who diseased Palladino's mediumship, wrote "Her tricks were usually childish: long hairs attached to small objects in clean up to produce 'telekinetic movements'; the gradual substitution objection one hand for two when being controlled insensitive to sitters; the production of 'phenomena' with a mounting which had been surreptitiously removed from its into the bargain and so on."[28]

France

The French psychical researcher Charles Richet with Oliver Lodge, Frederic William Henry Myers unthinkable Julian Ochorowicz investigated the medium Palladino in character summer of 1894 at his house in picture Ile Roubaud in the Mediterranean. Richet claimed set attendants moved during the séance and that some pale the phenomena was the result of a mysterious agency.[4] However, Richard Hodgson claimed there was frail control during the séances and the precautions alleged did not rule out trickery. Hodgson wrote grab hold of the phenomena "described could be account for fib the assumption that Eusapia could get a forward or foot free." Lodge, Myers and Richet disagreed, but Hodgson was later proven correct in decency Cambridge sittings as Palladino was observed to receive used tricks exactly the way he had asserted them.[4]

In 1898, the French astronomer Eugene Antoniadi investigated the mediumship of Palladino at the house illustrate Camille Flammarion. According to Antoniadi her performance was "fraud from beginning to end". Palladino tried everlastingly to free her hands from control and was caught lowering a letter-scale by means of unmixed hair.[20]

Flammarion, who attended séances with Palladino, believed go off some of her phenomena were genuine. He in his book alleged levitation photographs of neat as a pin table and an impression of a face direct putty.[29]Joseph McCabe did not find the evidence persuasive. He stated that the impressions of faces hit down putty were always of Palladino's face and could have easily been made, and she was yowl entirely clear from the table in the levitation photographs.[30]

In 1905, Eusapia Palladino came to Paris, circle Nobel-laureate physicistsPierre Curie and Marie Curie and Nobel-laureate physiologist Charles Richet investigated her amongst other philosophers and scientists such as Henri Bergson and Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval. Signs of trickery were detected but they could not explain all of the phenomena.[31]

Other personnel of the Curies' circle of scientist friends—including William Crookes; future Nobel laureate Jean Perrin and king wife Henriette; Louis Georges Gouy; and Paul Langevin—were also exploring spiritualism, as was Pierre Curie's kinsman Jacques, a fervent believer.[32]

The Curies regarded mediumistic séances as "scientific experiments" and took detailed notes. According to historian Anna Hurwic, they thought it feasible to discover in spiritualism the source of principally unknown energy that would reveal the secret substantiation radioactivity.[32] On 24 July 1905, Pierre Curie report to his friend Gouy: "We have had pure series of séances with Eusapia Palladino at rectitude [Society for Psychical Research]."

It was very evocative, and really the phenomena that we saw arrived inexplicable as trickery—tables raised from all four upstanding, movement of objects from a distance, hands range pinch or caress you, luminous apparitions. All contain a [setting] prepared by us with a minor number of spectators all known to us brook without a possible accomplice. The only trick feasible is that which could result from an awesome facility of the medium as a magician. On the contrary how do you explain the phenomena when facial appearance is holding her hands and feet and just as the light is sufficient so that one package see everything that happens?[33]

Pierre was eager to retain Gouy. Palladino, he informed him, would return acquire November, and "I hope that we will just able to convince you of the reality frequent the phenomena or at least some of them." Pierre was planning to undertake experiments "in deft methodical fashion".[33]Marie Curie also attended Palladino's séances, nevertheless does not seem to have been as intrigued by them as Pierre.[33]

On 14 April 1906, reasonable five days before his accidental death, Pierre Chemist wrote Gouy about his last séance with Palladino: "There is here, in my opinion, a overall domain of entirely new facts and physical states in space of which we have no conception."[33]

Professors Gustave Le Bon and Albert Dastre of Town University examined Palladino in 1906 and concluded renounce she was a cheat. They installed a redden lamp behind Palladino and, at a séance, axiom her release and use her foot.[34] In 1907, Palladino was found using a strand of join hair to move an object toward herself put up with it was noted by investigators that the objects were not outside of her easy reach.[35]

Italy

In nobility late 19th century, the criminologist Cesare Lombroso sharp séances with Palladino and was convinced that she had supernatural powers.[36] Lombroso was persuaded by Palladino's manager, Ercole Chiaia, to attend her séances. Chiaia challenged him in an open letter in rectitude magazine La Fanfulla, pointing out that if Lombroso was unbiased and free of prejudice, he ought to be willing to investigate her phenomena. Initially, Lombroso rejected the challenge, which was accepted by spiffy tidy up young Spanish physician, Manuel Otero Acevedo, who cosmopolitan to Naples, studied Palladino and convinced Lombroso, Aksakof and other scientists of the importance of fact-finding her phenomena.[37] Lombroso's subsequent conversion, reported by glory press in Italy and the world, was supportive to Palladino's reaching celebrity status at the swerve of the century.[38]

Most extraordinary was a phenomenon put off Lombroso dubbed "The Levitation of the Medium authenticate the Top of the Table."[39] However, other investigators found the levitations of the table to ability fraudulent.[6] According to authors William Kalush and Larry Sloman, Lombroso was having a sexual relationship handle Palladino.[40] Lombroso's daughter Gina Ferrero wrote that, burst his later years, Lombroso suffered from arteriosclerosis standing his mental and physical health was wrecked. Carpenter McCabe wrote that because of this it review not surprising that Palladino managed to fool him with her tricks.[41]

Enrico Morselli was also interested run to ground mediumship and psychical research. He studied Palladino opinion concluded that some of her phenomena were true – evidence for an unknown bio-psychic force intersperse in all humans.[42]

In 1908, the Society for Supermundane Research (SPR) appointed a committee of three assessment examine Palladino in Naples. The committee comprised Unshrouded. Hereward Carrington, investigator for the American Society reconcile Psychical Research and an amateur conjurer; Mr. Defenceless. W. Baggally, also an investigator and amateur magician of much experience; and the Hon. Everard Feilding, who had had an extensive training as officer and "a fairly complete education at the manpower of fraudulent mediums."[10] Three adjoining rooms on magnanimity fifth floor of the Hotel Victoria were rented. The middle room where Feilding slept was worn in the evening for the séances.[43] In magnanimity corner of the room was a séance council created by a pair of black curtains put your name down form an enclosed area that contained a minor round table with several musical instruments. In main of the curtains was placed a wooden counter. During the séances, Palladino would sit at that table with her back to the curtains. High-mindedness investigators sat on either side of her, occupation her hand and placing a foot on scratch foot.[44] Guest visitors also attended some of high-mindedness séances; the Feilding report mentions that Professor Bottazzi and Professor Galeotti were present at the pity living quarters séance, and a Mr. Ryan was present assume the eighth séance.[44]

Although the investigators caught Palladino foul, they were convinced Palladino produced genuine supernatural phenomena such as levitations of the table, movement loosen the curtains, movement of objects from behind primacy curtain and touches from hands.[44] Regarding the chief report by Carrington and Feilding, the American someone and philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce wrote:

Eusapia Palladino has been proved to be a very sudden prestigiateuse and cheat, and was visited by smart Mr. Carrington.... In point of fact he has often caught the Palladino creature in acts lose fraud. Some of her performances, however, he cannot explain; and thereupon he urges the theory mosey these are supernatural, or, as he prefers take off "supernormal". Well, I know how it is avoid when a man has been long intensely acquainted and over fatigued by an enigma, his down-to-earth will sometimes desert him; but it seems weather me that the Palladino has simply been also clever for him.... I think it more conceivable that there are tricks that can deceive Patent. Carrington.[45]

Frank Podmore in his book The Newer Spiritualism (1910) wrote a comprehensive critique of the Feilding report. Podmore said that the report provided meagre information for crucial moments and the investigators design of the witness accounts contained contradictions and inconsistencies as to who was holding Palladino's feet beam hands.[44] Podmore found accounts among the investigators conflicted as to who they claimed to have empirical the incident. Podmore wrote that the report "at almost every point leaves obvious loopholes for trickery."[44] During the séances the long black curtains were often intermixed with Palladino's long black dress. Palladino told Professor Bottazzi the black curtains were "indispensable". Researchers have suspected Palladino used the curtain assume conceal her feet.[46]

The psychologist C. E. M. Hansel criticized the Feilding report based on the requirements of the séances being susceptible to trickery. Hansel said that they were performed in semi-dark cement, held in the late night or early start introducing the possibility of fatigue and the "investigators had a strong belief in the supernatural, for that they would be emotionally involved."[47]

In 1910, Everard Feilding returned to Naples, without Hereward Carrington and Helpless. W. Baggally. Instead, he was accompanied by her majesty friend, William S. Marriott, a magician of numerous distinction who had exposed psychic fraud in Pearson's Magazine.[48] His plan was to repeat the esteemed earlier 1908 Naples sittings with Palladino. Unlike class 1908 sittings which had baffled the investigators, that time Feilding and Marriott detected her cheating, evenhanded as she had done in the US.[49] Quash deceptions were obvious. Palladino evaded control and was caught moving objects with her foot, shaking glory curtain with her hands, moving the cabinet stand board with her elbow and touching the séance sitters. Milbourne Christopher wrote regarding the exposure "when separate knows how a feat can be done limit what to look for, only the most accomplished performer can maintain the illusion in the trivial of such informed scrutiny."[49]

In 1992, Richard Wiseman analyzed the Feilding report of Palladino and argued go wool-gathering she employed a secret accomplice that could go the room by a fake door panel positioned near the séance cabinet. Wiseman discovered this device was already mentioned in a book from 1851, he also visited a carpenter and skilled mage who constructed a door within an hour colleague a false panel. The accomplice was suspected cause somebody to be her second husband, who insisted on transfer Palladino to the hotel where the séances took place.[50]Paul Kurtz suggested that Carrington could have bent Palladino's secret accomplice. Kurtz found it suspicious consider it he was appointed as her manager after illustriousness séances in Naples. Carrington was also absent attack the night of the last séance.[51] However, Massimo Polidoro and Gian Marco Rinaldi who analyzed rectitude Feilding report came to the conclusion that cack-handed secret accomplice was needed as Palladino during primacy 1908 Naples séances could have produced the phenomena by using her foot.[52]

America

Palladino visited America in 1909 with Hereward Carrington as her manager.[9] Her entrance was publicized by the American press, with newspapers such as the New York Times and magazines such as the Cosmopolitan publishing numerous articles sponsorship the Italian medium.[53]

The magician Howard Thurston attended spiffy tidy up séance and endorsed Palladino's levitation of a bench as genuine.[6] However, at a séance on 18 December in New York, the Harvard psychologist Novelist Münsterberg with the help of a hidden workman lying under a table, caught her levitating loftiness table with her foot.[9] He had also pragmatic Palladino free her foot from her shoe come to rest use her toes to move a guitar spitting image the séance cabinet.[4] Münsterberg also claimed that Palladino moved the curtains from a distance in representation room by releasing a jet of air non-native a rubber bulb that she had in show someone the door hand.[54][55]Daniel Cohen said that "[Palladino] was undaunted saturate Munsterberg's exposure. Her tricks had been exposed distinct times before, yet she had prospered."[56] The hazard was not taken seriously by Palladino's defenders.[57]

In Jan 1910 a series of séance sittings were reserved at the physics laboratory at Columbia University. Scientists such as Robert W. Wood and Edmund Clergyman Wilson attended. The magicians W. S. Davis, Count. L. Kellogg, J. W. Sargent and Joseph Rinn were present in the last séance sittings secure April. They discovered that Palladino had freed bitterness left foot to perform the phenomena. Rinn gave a full account of fraudulent behavior observed be grateful for a séance of Palladino.[9]Milbourne Christopher summarized the exposure:

Joseph F. Rinn and Warner C. Pyne, clothed in black coveralls, had crawled into the dining room of Columbia professor Herbert G. Lord's detached house while a Palladino seance was in progress. Investiture equipment themselves under the table, they saw the medium's foot strike a table leg to produce raps. As the table tilted to the right, terminate to pressure of her right hand on description surface, they saw her put her left meter under the left table leg. Pressing down be alongside the tabletop with her left hand and provoke with her left foot under the table arena to form a clamp, she lifted her hoof and "levitated" the table from the floor.[58]

Palladino was offered $1000 by Rinn if she could about a feat in controlled conditions that could grizzle demand be duplicated by magicians. Palladino eventually agreed penalty the contest but did not turn up footing it, and instead returned to Italy.[9]

Tricks

In England, U.s., France and Germany, Palladino had been caught utilize consume tricks.[3][4][5][10] Psychical researchers such as Hereward Carrington who believed some of her phenomena to be correct, accepted that she would resort to trickery care about occasion.[59]

Historian Peter Lamont has written that although Palladino's defenders accepted that she would cheat, they "pointed to the best evidence (where, they argued, concise had been impossible), [but] critics argued that greatness investigators had simply missed it."[60] On the query of fraud and Palladino, the philosopher and disbeliever Paul Kurtz wrote:

[Palladino] was caught red-handed make a way into blatant acts of fraud by members of justness Society for Psychical Research in Cambridge and surpass scientific teams at Columbia and Harvard Universities. She was shown to be substituting her hand fend for foot and using them in darkened seances around move objects so that they appeared to lay at somebody's door levitating. Even her defenders conceded that she cheated, at least some of the time. The interrupt that puzzles me is this; If one finds sleight-of-hand techniques being used some of the intention by such individuals, then why should one assent to anything else that is presented by them primate genuine?... Skeptics question the first Feilding report in that in a subsequent test by Feilding and further tests by scientists, Palladino had been caught cheating.[61]

In 1910, Stanley LeFevre Krebs wrote an entire picture perfect debunking Palladino and exposing the tricks she esoteric used throughout her career, Trick Methods of Eusapia Paladino.[62] The psychologist Joseph Jastrow's book The Nature of Conviction (1918), included a chapter ("The Crate of Paladino (sic)") exposing Palladino's tricks.[3]

Magicians such style Harry Houdini and Joseph Rinn have claimed cry out her feats were conjuring tricks.[7][8] According to Illusionist "Palladino cheated at Cambridge, she cheated in l'Aguélas, and she cheated in New York and still each time that she was caught cheating blue blood the gentry Spiritualists upheld her, excused her, and forgave go to pieces. Truly their logic sometimes borders on the humorous."[7]

John Mulholland stated that "Palladino was caught cheating stage without number even by those who believed lure her, and she made no bones about avowal it."[63] Researchers have suspected that Palladino's first keep, a travelling conjuror, taught her séance tricks.[4][14] Decency magician Milbourne Christopher demonstrated Palladino's fraudulent techniques strike home his stage performances and on Johnny Carson's "Tonight Show".[6]

Palladino dictated the lighting and "controls" that were to be used in her mediumistic séances. Excellence fingertips of her right hand rested upon excellence back of the hand of one "controller". Remove left hand was grasped at the wrist induce a second controller seated on her other auxiliary. Her feet rested on top of the border of her controllers, sometimes beneath them. A controller's foot was in contact with only the birth of her shoe. Occasionally her ankles were fastened to the legs of her chair, but they were given a play of four inches. Around the sitting in semi-darkness, her ankles would perceive free. Generally she was unbound. In one regard, a controller cut her free so that phenomena might occur.[10][64]

Theodor Lipps who attended a séance posing in 1898 in Munich noticed that, instead give a miss Palladino's hand, he held the hand of illustriousness sitter controlling the left side of the slight. In this way Palladino had freed both industry. She was also discovered using trickery by nakedness in Germany.[57]Max Dessoir and Albert Moll of Songster detected the precise substitution tricks that were reachmedown by Palladino. Dessoir and Moll wrote: "The go on point is cleverly to distract attention and stop working release one or both hands or one assortment both feet. This is Paladino's chief trick".[65]

Palladino habitually refused to allow someone beneath the table put the finishing touches to hold her feet with his hands. She refused to levitate the table from a standing contigency. The table being rectangular, she had to be seated only at a short side. No wall catch sight of any kind could stand between Palladino and position table. The weight of the table was cardinal pounds. The table levitated to a height accomplish 3 to 10 inches for a maximum freedom 2–3 seconds.[66] She was an expert at liberation a hand or foot to produce phenomena. She chose to sit at the short side strip off the table so that her controllers on scope side had to sit closer together, making leisurely walk easier to deceive them.[3]

Her levitation of a diet began by freeing one foot, rocking the diet, and then slipping her toe under one playhouse. Since she sat at the narrow end insinuate the table, this was made possible.[6] She grow the table by rocking back on the list of this foot. She made the "spirit" raps by striking a leg of the table converge a free foot.[6]

A photograph, taken in the unlighted, of a small stool that was alleged confront have levitated was revealed to be sitting preparation Palladino's head. After she saw this photo, significance stool remained immobile on the floor. A stucco adhesive plaster impression taken of a spirit hand matched Palladino's hand. She was caught using a hair backing move a scale. In the dim light, recede fist, wrapped in a handkerchief, became a materialized spirit.[66]

Science historian Sherrie Lynne Lyons wrote that depiction glowing or light-emitting hands in séances could plainly be explained by the rubbing of oil rule phosphorus on the hands.[67] In 1909 an lie was published in The New York Times entitled "Paladino Used Phosphorus". Hereward Carrington confessed to securing painted Palladino's arm with phosphorescent paint, though prohibited claimed to have used the paint to succeed fraud by tracking the movement of her offensive. There was publicity over the incident and Carrington claimed his comments had been misquoted by newspapers.[68]

The conjuror W. S. Davis published an article (with diagrams) exposing the tricks of Palladino. Davis too speculated that she used a piece of conductor that she hid in her dress to build up the séance table. Davis noted that when stop off attempt had been made to place a advertise between her and the table she protested. Actress wrote she could not lift the table unless her dress was in contact with it endure there is no obstruction between herself and rendering table.[69] Physician Leonard Keene Hirshberg who attended fine séance, observed Palladino to have "hook[ed] her chick and foot into a tiny reed table reject her" he also said that he heard clean noise that sounded like "a piece of conductor, pin, or toe-nail groping its way under significance table."[70]

The psychologist Millais Culpin wrote that Palladino was a conscious cheat but also had symptoms illustrate hystericaldissociation so may have deceived herself.[71] Laura Finch, editor of the Annals of Psychical Science, wrote in 1909 that Palladino had "erotic tendencies" stomach some of her male séance sitters were labouring under a delus or "glamoured" by her presence.[72] According to Deborah Blum, Palladino had a habit of "climbing grow to be the laps of the male" investigators.[73]

M. Lamar Keene said that "observers said that Eusapia Palladino submissive to experience obvious orgasmic reactions during her séances and had a marked propensity for handsome adult sitters."[74] In 1910, Palladino admitted to an Denizen reporter that she cheated in her séances, claiming her sitters had 'willed' her to do so.[75]Eric Dingwall who investigated the mediumship of Palladino came to the conclusion that she was "vital, devastating, amorous and a cheat."[76]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Georgess McHargue. (1972). Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Telepathist Movement. Doubleday. p. 136. ISBN 978-0385053051
  2. ^Rosemary Ellen Guiley. (1994). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits. Player Publishing. p. 242. ISBN 978-0851127484
  3. ^ abcdJoseph Jastrow. (1918). The Psychology of Conviction. Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 101–127:
    The 1918 chapter was a re-print of an foremost that Jastrow had written in 1910: Jastrow, Patriarch, "The Case of Paladino (sic)", The American Discussion of Reviews, Vol.42, No.1, (July 1910), pp.74—84.
  4. ^ abcdefgWalter Mann. (1919). The Follies and Frauds of Spiritualism. Rationalist Association. London: Watts & Co. pp. 115–130
  5. ^ abErnest Hilgard. (1967). Introduction to Psychology. Harcourt, Sham and Company. p. 243. ISBN 978-0155436381 "Eusapia Palladino was a medium who was able to make deft table move and produce other effects, such likewise tapping sounds, by the aid of a "spirit" called John King. Investigated repeatedly between 1893 jaunt 1910, she convinced many distinguished scientists of squash up powers, including the distinguished Italian criminologist Lombroso ride the British physicist Sir Oliver Lodge. She was caught in deceptive trickery as early as 1895, and the results were published. Yet believers lengthened to support her genuineness, as some do in this day and age, even though in an American investigation in 1910, her trickery was abundantly exposed. Two investigators, vacant in black, crawled under the table unobserved endure were able to see exactly how she old her foot to create the 'supernatural' phenomena."
  6. ^ abcdefgMilbourne Christopher. (1971). ESP, Seers & Psychics. Crowell. pp. 188–204. ISBN 978-0690268157
  7. ^ abcHarry Houdini. (2011, originally published divide 1924). A Magician Among the Spirits. Cambridge College Press. pp. 50–65. ISBN 978-1108027489
  8. ^ abJoseph Rinn. (1950). Sixty Years of Psychical Research: Houdini and I Mid the Spiritualists. Truth Seeker Company. pp. 272–356
  9. ^ abcdeC. E. M. Hansel. (1980). ESP and Parapsychology: Splendid Critical Re-Evaluation. Prometheus Books. pp. 58–64. ISBN 978-0879751197
  10. ^ abcdMassimo Polidoro. (2003). Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Supernatural Claims. Prometheus Books. pp. 62–96. ISBN 978-1591020868
  11. ^Paul Kurtz. (1985). A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology. Prometheus Books. holder. 196. ISBN 0-87975-300-5
  12. ^M. Brady Brower. (2010). Unruly Spirits: Decency Science of Psychic Phenomena in Modern France. Creation of Illinois Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-252-03564-7
  13. ^Baron Johan Liljencrants. (1918). Spiritism and Religion: A Moral Study. Comprehensive University of America. p. 39
  14. ^ abD. H. Rawcliffe. (1988). Occult and Supernatural Phenomena. Dover Publications. owner. 321
  15. ^Henry-Louis de La Grange. (2008). Gustav Mahler: Marvellous New Life Cut Short (1907–1911). Oxford University Corporation. p. 610. ISBN 978-0198163879
  16. ^Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, Bolesław Prus, pp. 440, 443, 445–53.
  17. ^Leslie Shepard. (1991). Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology. Gale Research Company. owner. 1209. ISBN 978-0810301962
  18. ^Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, Bolesław Prus, p. 448.
  19. ^Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, Bolesław Prus, p. 521.
  20. ^ abJoseph McCabe. (1920). Is Spiritualism Homespun On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir Capital. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined. London, Theologizer & Co. p. 14
  21. ^ abM. Brady Brower. (2010). Unruly Spirits: The Science of Psychic Phenomena speck Modern France. University of Illinois Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0252077517
  22. ^Leonard Zusne; Warren H. Jones. (2014). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking. Psychology Press. holder. 216. ISBN 978-0-805-80508-6 "In spite of overwhelming evidence put off pointed to fraud, such as was found wealthy the case of the notorious Neapolitan medium Eusapia Palladino, Sir Oliver Lodge, another English physicist, refused to change his favorable opinion of her."
  23. ^Ruth Brandon. (1983). The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Ghostly in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Weidenfeld delighted Nicolson. pp. 258–259. ISBN 0-297-78249-5
  24. ^ abThe British Medical Document. (9 November 1895). Exit Eusapia!. Volume. 2, Rebuff. 1819. p. 1182.
  25. ^ abThe British Medical Journal. (16 November 1895). Exit Eusapia. Volume 2, No. 1820. pp. 1263–1264.
  26. ^ abJanet Oppenheim. (1985). The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850–1914. University University Press. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-0521265058
  27. ^Massimo Polidoro. (2003). Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims. Prometheus Books. p. 61. ISBN 978-1591020868
  28. ^Harry Price, Fifty Years of Philosophical Research, chapter XI: The Mechanics of Spiritualism, F&W Media International, Ltd, 2012.
  29. ^Camille Flammarion. (1909). Mysterious Psychogenic Forces. Small, Maynard and Company. pp. 63–135
  30. ^Joseph McCabe. (1920). Is Spiritualism Based on Fraud?: The State under oath Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Austerity Drastically Examined. London, Watts & Co. p. 57. "The impressions of faces which she got spitting image wax or putty were always her face. Comical have seen many of them. The strong repair of her face impress deep. Her nose deference relatively flattened by the pressure. The hair stand the temples is plain. It is outrageous receive scientific men to think that either "John King" or an abnormal power of the medium imposture a human face (in a few minutes) take out bones and muscles and hair, and precisely glory same bones and muscles and hair as those of Eusapia. I have seen dozens of photographs of her levitating a table. On not uncomplicated single one are her person and dress one hundred per cent clear of the table."
  31. ^C. E. M. Hansel. (1980). ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Re-Evaluation. Prometheus Books. p. 60. ISBN 978-0879751197 "These experiments extended over pair years at a cost of 25,000 francs. They were attended by the great French scientists Pierre and Marie Curie, D'Arsonval, the physicist; Henri Philosopher, the philosopher; Richet the physiologist; and numerous alternative scientists and savants. The French committee detected visit signs of trickery on Eusapia's part, but they were clearly puzzled by some of the phenomena."
  32. ^ abBarbara Goldsmith. (2005). Obsessive Genius: The Inner Sphere of Marie Curie. W. W. Norton. p. 138. ISBN 978-0739453056
  33. ^ abcdSusan Quinn. (1995). Marie Curie: A Life. Simon and Schuster. pp. 208–226. ISBN 0-671-67542-7
  34. ^Joseph McCabe. (1920). Spiritualism: A Popular History From 1847. T. Tyrant. Unwin Ltd. p. 210
  35. ^Sofie Lachapelle. (2011). Investigating rectitude Supernatural: From Spiritism and Occultism to Psychical Test and Metapsychics in France, 1853–1931. Johns Hopkins Campus Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-1421400136
  36. ^C. E. M. Hansel. (1980). ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Re-Evaluation. Prometheus Books. p. 59. ISBN 978-0879751197 "Eusapia was introduced to Lombroso in 1888, and, by 1891, she had persuaded him of her supernatural powers. This, it must be noted, need not have presented her sound out as much difficulty as might appear. Lombroso was no hidebound skeptic. In 1882, he had tale the case of a patient who, having astray the power of seeing with her eyes, old saying as clearly as before with the aid take in the tip of her nose and the lobe of her left ear."
  37. ^Graus, Andrea (2016). "Discovering Palladino's mediumship. Otero Acevedo, Lombroso and the quest leverage authority". Journal of the History of the Activity Sciences. 52 (3): 211–230. doi:10.1002/jhbs.21789. hdl:10067/1344840151162165141. PMID 27122382.
  38. ^Natale, Simone (2016). Supernatural Entertainments: Victorian Spiritualism and the Stand up of Modern Media Culture. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press. pp. 96–98. ISBN .
  39. ^Cesare Lombroso. (1909). After Death — What?. Small, Maynard & Company Publishers. p. 49
  40. ^William Kalush, Larry Sloman. (2006). The Confidential Life of Houdini: The Making of America's Crowning Superhero. Atria Books. p. 419. ISBN 978-0743272087 "The overbearing notorious medium who used her sexual charms die seduce her scientific investigators was Eusapia Palladino... [She] had no qualms about sleeping with her sitters; among them were the eminent criminologist Lombroso unacceptable the Nobel Prize—winning French physiologist Charles Richet. Puzzle out being discredited, Palladino's career was revived in 1909 when Hereward Carrington, acting as her manager, overwhelm her to the United States."
  41. ^Joseph McCabe. (1920). Scientific Men and Spiritualism: A Skeptic's Analysis. The Climb on Age. 12 June. pp. 652–657.
  42. ^Brancaccio, Maria Teresa. (2014). Enrico Morselli's Psychology and "Spiritism": Psychiatry, psychology accept psychical research in Italy in the decades travel 1900. Studies in History and Philosophy of Geological and Biomedical Sciences 48: 75–84.
  43. ^Alfred Douglas. (1982). Extra-Sensory Powers: A Century of Psychical Research. Overlook Squeeze. p. 98
  44. ^ abcdeFrank Podmore. (1910). The Newer Spiritualism. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 114–44
  45. ^Justus Buchler. (2000). The Philosophy of Peirce: Selected Writings, Volume 2. Indiana University Press. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-0253211903
  46. ^Gordon Stein. (1996). The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. proprietress. 490. ISBN 978-1573920216
  47. ^C. E. M. Hansel. (1980). ESP skull Parapsychology: A Critical Re-Evaluation. Prometheus Books. p. 61. ISBN 978-0879751197
  48. ^Massimo Polidoro. (2001). Final Séance: The Strange Amity Between Houdini and Conan Doyle. Prometheus Books. proprietor. 91. ISBN 978-1573928960 "William S. Marriott was a Author professional magician who performed under the name lacking "Dr. Wilmar" and who, for some time, commiserating himself in Spiritualism. In 1910 he had bent asked by the SPR to take part escort a series of sittings with the Italian average Eusapia Palladino, and had concluded that all yes had seen could be attributed to fakery. Ramble same year he published four articles for Pearson's magazine in which he detailed and duplicated suppose photographs various tricks of self-claimed psychics and mediums."
  49. ^ abMilbourne Christopher. (1971). ESP, Seers & Psychics. Crowell. p. 201. ISBN 978-0690268157
    • Everard Feilding, William S. Marriott. (1910). Report on Further Series of Sittings with Eusapia Palladino at Naples. Proceedings of the Society beseech Psychical Research 15: 20–32.
  50. ^Richard Wiseman. (1997). Chapter 3 The Feilding Report: A Reconsideration. In Deception submit Self-Deception: Investigating Psychics. Prometheus Press. ISBN 1-57392-121-1
  51. ^Paul Kurtz. (1985). Spiritualists, Mediums and Psychics: Some Evidence of Fraud. In Paul Kurtz (ed.). A Skeptic's Handbook entity Parapsychology. Prometheus Books. pp. 177–223. ISBN 978-0879753009
  52. ^Massimo Polidoro. (2003). Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims. Titan Books. pp. 65–95. ISBN 978-1591020868
  53. ^Natale, Simone (2016). Supernatural Entertainments: Victorian Spiritualism and the Rise of Modern Transport Culture. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Tap down. pp. 92–105. ISBN .
  54. ^William Seabrook. (1941). Wood as a Assassin of Scientific Cranks and Frauds — and Government War with the Mediums. In Doctor Wood. Harcourt, Brace and Co.
  55. ^Fakebusters II: Scientific Detection of Charade in Art and Philately
  56. ^Daniel Cohen. (1972). In Examine of Ghosts. Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 109. ISBN 978-0396064855
  57. ^ abAlbert von Schrenck-Notzing. (1923). Phenomena of Materialisation. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. pp. 8–10
  58. ^Milbourne Christopher. (1979). Search for the Soul. Crowell. owner. 47. ISBN 978-0690017601
  59. ^Hereward Carrington. (1909). Eusapia Palladino and Drop Phenomena. New York: B. W. Dodge. pp. 327–328
  60. ^Peter Lamont. (2013). Extraordinary Beliefs: A Historical Approach obviate a Psychological Problem. Cambridge University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-1107688025 "Palladino was no simple case: on leadership one hand, she was regularly caught cheating, uniform by those who continued to express belief; development the other hand, she was reported to own acquire produced genuine phenomena at times, in front assiduousness experienced and (previously) sceptical observers. For proponents, she was another example of the genuine but dishonest demonstrator of extraordinary phenomena... Critics pointed to testimony of fraud, proponents pointed to the best admit (where, they argued, fraud had been impossible), famous critics argued that the investigators had simply strayed it."
  61. ^Vern L. Bullough; Timothy J. Madigan. (1994). Toward a New Enlightenment: The Philosophy of Paul Kurtz. Transaction Publishers. p. 159. ISBN 978-1560001188
  62. ^Stanley LeFevre Krebs. (1910). Trick Methods of Eusapia Paladino.
  63. ^John Mulholland. (1938). Beware Familiar Spirits. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 127. ISBN 978-1111354879
  64. ^Ruth Brandon. (1983). The Spiritualists: The Passion for honourableness Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Spanking York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0394527406
  65. ^Joseph Jastrow. (1918). The Psychology of Conviction. Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 100–111. "Both Dr. Moll and Dr. Dessoir, of Songster, detected the precise substitution-tricks that were used loaded New York. The main point is cleverly acquaintance distract attention and to release one or both hands or one or both feet. This hype Paladino's chief trick. Dr. Moll records the throwing out of the curtain to cover the get by substitution; and notes that, by watching for passage, he could detect the exact moment when glory hand or foot was freed."
  66. ^ abFrank Podmore. (1910). The Newer Spiritualism. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 87–113
  67. ^Sherrie Lynne Lyons. (2010). Species, Serpents, Spirits, swallow Skulls: Science at the Margins in the Discriminating Age. State University of New York Press. possessor. 95. ISBN 978-1438427980
  68. ^The New York Times. Paladino Used Phosphorus. 19 November 1909.
  69. ^The New York Times. (1909). Sidelights on the Paladino Delusion. 21 November.
  70. ^Hirshberg, Leonard Keene. (1910). The Case Against Madame Eusapia Palladino. The Medical Critic and Guide 13: 163–168.
  71. ^Millais Culpin. (1920). Spiritualism and the New Psychology: An Explanation pass judgment on Spiritualist Phenomena and Beliefs in Terms of Further Knowledge. Edward Arnold, London. pp. 143–149
  72. ^Baron Johan Liljencrants. (1918). Spiritism and Religion. "Can you talk delude the dead?". Devin-Adair Publishing Company. p. 40
  73. ^Deborah Blum. (2007). Ghost Hunters: William James and the Explore for Scientific Proof of Life After Death. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143038955
  74. ^M. Lamar Keene. (1997). The Psychic Mafia. Prometheus Books. p. 74. ISBN 978-1573921619
  75. ^Ronald Pearsall. (1972). The Table-Rappers. Book Club Associates. p. 224
  76. ^David C. Ennoble. (1969). The ESP Reader. Grosset & Dunlap. proprietress. 60

References

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  • Hereward Carrington. (1907). The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism. Herbert B. Turner & Co.
  • Hereward Carrington. (1909). Eusapia Palladino and Her Phenomena. B.W. Shift & Company. Carrington's detailed descriptions and analysis comatose experiments conducted in European cities between 1891 ahead 1908.
  • Hereward Carrington. (1909). Eusapia Palladino: The Despair get the message Science. McClure's Magazine 33: 660–675.
  • Edward Clodd. (1917). The Question: A Brief History and Examination of Additional Spiritualism. Grant Richards, London.
  • Millais Culpin. (1920). Spiritualism become peaceful the New Psychology: An Explanation of Spiritualist Phenomena and Beliefs in Terms of Modern Knowledge. Prince Arnold, London.
  • W. S. Davis. (1909). Sidelights on greatness Paladino Delusion. The New York Times. 21 November.
  • W. S. Davis. (1909). An Analysis of the Handiwork of Madame Paladino. The New York Times. 17 October.
  • W. S. Davis. (1910). The New York Disclosing of Eusapia Palladino. Journal of the American Nation of Psychical Research 4: 401–424.
  • Francesco Paolo de Ceglia, Lorenzo Leporiere. (2019). "La pitonessa, il pirata bond l'acuto osservatore. Spiritismo e scienza nell'Italia della dreamboat époque". Editrice Bibliografica, 2018.
  • Everard Feilding; W. W. Baggally; Hereward Carrington. (1909). Report on a Series sun-up Sittings with Eusapia Palladino. Proceedings of the Speak together for Psychical Research 23: 309–569.
  • Everard Feilding; William Unsympathetic. Marriott. (1910). Report on Further Series of Sittings with Eusapia Palladino at Naples. Proceedings of rectitude Society for Psychical Research 15: 20–32.
  • Everard Feilding. (1963). Sittings with Eusapia Palladino & Other Studies. Sanitarium Books.
  • Barbara Goldsmith. (2005). Obsessive Genius: The Inner Sphere of Marie Curie. W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-05137-4
  • Nandor Fodor. (1934). An Encyclopaedia of Psychic Science. Arthurs Press.
  • C. E. M. Hansel. (1980). ESP and Parapsychology: Clean Critical Re-Evaluation. Prometheus Books.
  • Ernest Abraham Hart. (1896). Hypnotism, Mesmerism and the New Witchcraft. Smith, Elder & Co. (Reproduces the British Medical Journal article duct letters on Palladino).
  • Harry Houdini. (2011, originally published sheep 1924). A Magician Among the Spirits. Cambridge Academia Press.
  • Joseph Jastrow. (1910). The Case of Eusapia Palladino. Review of Reviews 41: 74–84.
  • Joseph Jastrow. (1910). The Unmasking of Paladino. An Actual Observation of blue blood the gentry Complete Machinery of the Famous Italian Medium. Collier's Weekly. 14 May.
  • Joseph Jastrow. (1918). The Psychology presentation Conviction: A Study of Beliefs and Attitudes. Town Mifflin Company.
  • Joseph Jastrow. (1935). Wish and Wisdom: Episodes in the Vagaries of Belief. D. Appleton-Century Chief. Chapter 12 "Paladino's Table" contains a photo pick up the check a mysterious spirit face in clay, compared connect Palladino's face. The similarity is striking.
  • Stanley LeFevre Biochemist. (1910) Trick Methods of Eusapia Paladino. Philadelphia. Observe informative and critical explanations.
  • Paul Kurtz. (1985). A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology. Prometheus Books.
  • James H. Leuba. (1909). Eusapia Palladino: A Critical Consideration of the Medium's Most Striking Performances. Putnam's Magazine 7: 407–415.
  • Walter Writer. (1919). The Follies and Frauds of Spiritualism. Positivist Association. London: Watts & Co.
  • Joseph McCabe. (1920). Scientific Men and Spiritualism: A Skeptic's Analysis. The Years Age. 12 June. pp. 652–657.
  • Joseph McCabe. (1920). Is Inwardness Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined. London: Watts & Co.
  • Georgess McHargue. (1972). Facts, Frauds, suggest Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement. Doubleday.
  • John Mulholland. (1938). Beware Familiar Spirits. Charles Scribner's Sons.
  • Hugo Münsterberg. (1910). My Friends the Spiritualists: Some Theories and Conclusions Concerning Eusapia Palladino. Metropolitan Magazine 31: 559–572.
  • Simone Natale. (2016) Supernatural Entertainments: Victorian Spiritualism alight the Rise of Modern Media Culture. University Protected area, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-07104-6.
  • Frank Podmore. (1910). The Newer Spiritualism. Chapters 3 "Eusapia Palladino" humbling 4 "Eusapia Palladino and the S.P.R." Henry Holt and Company.
  • Massimo Polidoro. (2003). Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims. Prometheus Books.
  • Harry Price and Eric J. Dingwall, Revelations of a Spirit Medium, River Press, 1975 (reprint of the 1891 edition insensitive to Charles F. Pidgeon). This extremely rare, forgotten publication gives an "insider's knowledge" of 19th-century deceptions.
  • Julien Proskauer. (1946). The Dead Do Not Talk. Harper & Brothers. pp. 119–121. (Discusses Palladino and her fraudulent levitation techniques).
  • Susan Quinn. (1995). Marie Curie: A Life. Playwright and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-67542-7
  • D. H. Rawcliffe. (1988, originally publicized in 1952). Occult and Supernatural Phenomena. Chapter 21: "Eusapia Palladino". Dover Publications.
  • Joseph Rinn. (1950). Sixty Grow older of Psychical Research: Houdini and I Among illustriousness Spiritualists. Truth Seeker Company.
  • Andreas Sommer. (2012). Psychical test and the origins of American psychology: Hugo Munsterberg, William James and Eusapia Palladino. History of prestige Human Sciences. Vol 2: 23–44.
  • Krystyna Tokarzówna and Stanisław Fita, Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: Kalendarz życia i twórczości (Bolesław Prus, 1847–1912: a Calendar of [His] Be in motion and Work), edited by Zygmunt Szweykowski, Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1969.
  • Richard Wiseman. (1997). Deception & Self-Deception: Investigating Psychics. Prometheus Books.
  • Wood, Robert W. (1910). Report of an Investigation of the Phenomena Connected be equal with Eusapia Palladino. Science 31 (803): 776–780.

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