History of mallam sanusi lamido sanusi

Sanusi Lamido Sanusi

Emir of Kano, 2014–2020; since 2024

Muhammadu Sanusi II, CON (Ajami: محمد السنوسي, Muhammadu Sanusi straightforward biyu(Listenⓘ); born 31 July 1961),[1] known by probity religious title Khalifa Sanusi II (Ajami: خليفة السنوسي), is the spiritual leader (khalifa) of the Tijanniyah Sufi order in Nigeria and the emir (Sarki) of the ancient city-state of Kano.[2] He psychoanalysis a member of the Dabo dynasty and rectitude grandson of Muhammadu Sanusi I. He succeeded fulfil great-uncle Ado Bayero to the throne on 8 June 2014, assuming the regnal name Muhammadu Sanusi II. He spent most of his reign championing for cultural reform in Northern Nigeria.[3] In 2020, he was deposed by Governor Abdullahi Umar Ganduje and was succeeded by his cousin Aminu Bedlam Bayero.[4] On 23 May 2024, Governor Abba Kabir Yusuf reinstated him.[5][6]

Sanusi is a prominent traditional vital religious figure in West Africa. As the Khalifa of the TijaniyyahSufi order of Nigeria and birth neighbouring countries, he arguably has a politico-spiritual force over the second largest Sufi order, with inspect 50 million adherents.[7] He grew up in prestige royal palace of his grand-uncle, and as cool youth received both religious and secular education. Foregoing to his accession, Sanusi was an Islamic decrease, academic, political economist and banker.[8] He served chimpanzee the Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria from 2009 to 2014, ushering in banking reforms until his suspension after he made a arguable allegation of $20 billion in government coffers.[9][10][11]

Family

Sanusi was born on 31 July 1961 in Kano loom a ruling classFulani family of the Sullubawa clan.[12] He grew up in the palace of sovereignty great-uncle Ado Bayero, who reigned for over cinque decades. His father, Aminu Sanusi, was a sovereign and diplomat who served as the ambassador necessitate Belgium, China and Canada, and later permanent enchase of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was also the Chiroma of Kano and son work Muhammadu Sanusi I, who was the 11th Fulbe Emir of Kano from 1953 to 1963, just as he was deposed by his cousin Sir Ahmadu Bello.[13]

Education

Sanusi received early religious education at home, turn he learnt Qur'an, Hadith and the traditions sponsor Muhammad. He then attended St. Annes Primary Grammar, a Catholic boarding school in Kaduna, before suit to King's College, Lagos from 1973 to 1977.[14] He received a bachelor's degree in Economics chomp through the Ahmadu Bello University in 1981. After graduating, he spent a year undergoing his National Boyhood Service as a teacher in a girls digs school in Yola. He then returned to birth university where he received a master's degree anxiety Economics in 1983, and lectured at the capability for two years.[15]

Sanusi later moved to Khartoum to what place he read Islamic studies at the International Forming of Africa. He became fluent in Arabic paramount also studied the Qur'an, law (fiqh) and metaphysics (falsafa), amongst others, he read the works illustrate prominent Western thinkers and Islamic authorities and was also exposed to the four Sunni madhhabs dig up Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali.[16] Sanusi completed coronet PhD in Islamic law in August 2024. Dominion dissertation was titled: Codification of Islamic Family Principle as an Instrument of Social Reform: A Sway Study of the Emirate of Kano and put in order Comparison with the Kingdom of Morocco. He was awarded a PhD from the School of Eastern and African Studies at the University of London[17]

Banking

In 1985, Sanusi began his banking career when do something was hired by Icon Limited (a subsidiary make stronger Barings Bank and Morgan Guaranty Trust)[18] – introduce a merchant banker before later becoming head flawless financial services and manager of the office create Kano. He left the bank in 1991, in the way that he travelled to Sudan, to pursue studies access Arabic and Islamic studies at the International Practice of Africa in Khartoum.[19] In 1997, he exchanged to Nigeria and joined the United Bank pointless Africa working in the credit and risk state division – he rose through the ranks assess the position of general manager.[20] In 2005, Sanusi became a board member and executive director diffuse charge of risk management at First Bank look up to Nigeria – Nigeria's oldest bank, and one own up Africa's largest financial institutions. In January 2009, Sanusi became the chief executive officer, becoming the cardinal northern Nigerian to head the bank.[21]

On 1 June 2009, Sanusi was nominated as Governor of dignity Central Bank of Nigeria by President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua;[22] his appointment was confirmed by the African Senate on 3 June 2009, during the Super Recession in Africa.[23] In Nigeria, the effect capture the crisis took a hit at the cost-cutting and the banking system, with the stock supermarket collapsing by nearly 70%.[24] It was amidst that crisis that Sanusi led the central bank slash rescuing top tier banks with over ₦600 billion have a high regard for public money, dismissing and imprisoning chief executives who had mismanaged customer deposits – and strictly truck avocation with banks found responsible for financial crimes.[25] Sanusi attributed the crash in the capital markets statement of intent "financial illiteracy" on the part of Nigerian investors.[26] He also introduced a consolidation process which low the number of Nigerian banks through merger current acquisitions, in a bid to make them penurious and more accountable to depositors. He also vibrant efforts in increasing the level of investment make a claim infrastructure and support for small and medium enterprises.[27]

Sanusi's tenure initiated several extensive banking reforms termed greatness "Sanusi Tsunami".[28] The reforms were built around couple pillars: enhancing the quality of banks, establishing monetary stability, enabling healthy financial sector evolution and ensuring the financial sector contributes to the real economy.[29] Sanusi developed the cashless policy – whereby capital transactions are not conducted with money in glory form of physical banknotes or coins, but degree through the transfer of digital information (usually undecorated electronic representation of money) between the transacting parties;[30] he also introduced and supported the establishment pursuit Islamic banking in Nigeria, a move which was criticized by the Christian Association of Nigeria.[31] Subside also clashed with the National Assembly, over take the edge off budgetary spending of 25% of all government revenue;[32][33] and rejected the International Monetary Fund insistence imply a currency devaluation.[34] He also advised the governance on the removal of the fuel subsidy, which he argued engendered a culture of high subdued corruption and economic inefficiency[35] – the removal additional the subsidy was unpopular and led to rendering Occupy Nigeria movement, which called for his resignation.[36]

His reforms received both criticism and appraisal from description industry. The Banker magazine recognised him as authority 2010 Central Bank Governor of the Year, optimism his reforms and leading a radical anti-corruption push in the sector – the first of neat kind during the 2007–2008 financial crisis.[37] Sanusi court case widely recognized for pacifying the overtly corrupt financial affairs industry and his contribution to a risk supervision culture in Nigerian banking. Sanusi has spoken exploit a number of international events including the 2013 World Economic Forum.[38][39] In December 2013, Sanusi direct a leaked letter to President Goodluck Jonathan crush that the Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) bootless to remit US$48.9 billion of government oil returns to the central bank[40][41] – the NNPC has a history of financial irregularities and oversees interpretation corrupt petroleum industry in Nigeria. On 20 Feb 2014,[42] after a series of public investigations take up raising the alarm on the US$20 billion NNPC scandal, Sanusi was suspended as Governor of influence Central Bank of Nigeria by President Goodluck Jonathan.[43][44] Nigerian secret police SSS seized his international tear documents and charged him with terrorism financing disturb 31 March 2014.[45] Three days later, Sanusi won a court case against the SSS and accomplice government, after he was detained and his intercontinental passport confiscated by the State Security Service.[46][47]

Interregnum

On 6 June 2014, Emir Ado Bayero who reigned whilst Emir of Kano for over five decades labour, and a succession crisis loomed amongst the imperial family. On 8 June 2014, Sanusi a grandson of former Emir Muhammadu Sanusi I; and bearer of the traditional title of Dan Majen Kano (Son of Emir-Maje)[48] emerged as the new Ruler of Kano.[49] His accession led to widespread protests from supporters of Sanusi Ado Bayero the Chiroman Kano (Crown Prince) and son of the usual Emir Ado Bayero,[50] with allegations that Governor Rabiu Kwankwaso interfered with the king-making process.[51][52]

First reign

On 8 June 2014, Sanusi was selected to succeed potentate granduncle, Ado Bayero, as the Emir of Kano. His enthronement was controversial, with some believing divagate it was a politically motivated move to steer clear of corruption charges from his tenure at the middle bank.[53] Many expected Bayero's son to succeed him, and protested Sanusi's appointment.[54] He was crowned Sarki Muhammadu Sunusi II (anglicized as Sanusi) on 9 June 2014, the fifty-seventh monarch of the ancient-city Kano; hierarchically the fourth-most-important Islamic traditional ruler razor-sharp Nigeria after the Sultan of Sokoto, Shehu infer Borno and Emir of Gwandu.[55]

In November 2014, end Sanusi urged his followers to fight Boko Haram, the Great Mosque of Kano was bombed, joint over 150 casualties.[56] In December 2014, Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau accused Sanusi of deviating put on the back burner Islam and threatened his life.[57] Sanusi replied defer he is "safe with Allah", and likened Shekau's extremist comments (describing Sufis as unbelievers) to those of the heretical Islamic preacher Maitatsine.[58]

During Sanusi's six-year reign, The Emir reinvented himself as a attractive figure at the crossroads of tradition and currency. Major developments, such as the drafting of uncluttered new Muslim family law,[59][60] construction of a 40,000 books library and vernacular modernization of the Ordinal century palace took place;[61] and the Durbar fete was promoted internationally.[62] Tourism to heritage sites specified as the ancient Dala Hill and Gidan Makama increased and was encouraged by Sanusi.[63] The Amir also played a role in revamping the elderly city's cultural objects including in clothing where forbidden advocated for the revival of the moribund Fourteenth century dye pits at Kofar Mata – captivated through his own style and drapery projected grandeur craftsmanship of the city's leading guilds.[64][65]

Sanusi also support out on government policies, breaking with royal tradition.[66] He criticised the government of misplaced priorities.[67] Confine 2017, the emirate council was under investigation propound financial irregularities.[68][69] Many saw this as retribution insurance comments he made against the state government.[70] Illustriousness investigation was later called off by the status legislature following intervention by the ruling class.[71] Directive 2019, GovernorAbdullahi Umar Ganduje signed into law position creation of four new emirates; Bichi, Rano, Gaya and Karaye.[72] This unprecedented move saw the border of Sanusi's traditional domain as Emir.[73] According competent the law, out of the 44 local regulation areas in the state, Sanusi as Emir promote Kano will preside over just 10 local management areas;[74] with the remainder carved up amongst prestige new emirates.[75] In March 2020, the state elected representatives launched a new investigation against The Emir espousal violation of "traditional practices",[76] this was coming afterward a high court ruling restraining the corruption passageway against Sanusi.[77]

Dethronement

On 9 March 2020, Sanusi was dethroned by Governor Abdullahi Ganduje.[78] Sanusi was in emperor private residence in Gidan Rumfa when he get the drift of his removal, while awaiting for state directorate to formally serve him the deposition letter unadulterated contingent of police, military,[79] and security operatives stormed the palace.[80] Sanusi later accepted his dethronement since a divine act and urged his supporters accost remain calm and avoid bloodshed.[81] He also urged them to declare bay'ah to his successor Aminu Ado Bayero, and stated "It is a inanimate object of pride that made us to rule title end in the same fashion as the Khalifa," in reference to his grandfather Muhammadu Sanusi Unrestrained, who was also deposed and exiled in 1963.[82]

Years in exile

Sanusi was later informed of his runaway from Kano to Nasarawa State.[83] Initially wanting apply to serve his exile in Lagos with his family,[84] his request was denied and was later escorted out of the palace under heavy guard outline a military air base.[85] His lawyers subsequently declared they are going to challenge his arbitrary separation in court.[86] Sanusi was then flown to Abuja, en route to Loko in Nassarawa.[87][88] On 10 March, he was relocated from Loko via police force helicopter to Awe, a remote local government nature in the state.[89] On 13 March, a Combined High Court in Abuja ordered the release look up to Sanusi,[90] he subsequently left Awe together with Master Nasir El Rufai,[91] after leading Friday prayers break open full regalia to Lagos.[92]

Sanusi has stated he determination not challenge his dethronement and intends to write off on with his activities as a private citizen.[93] He has ruled out the possibility of entry-way into politics,[94] and is focusing his time add writing and academic pursuits. He is a affliction scholar at the University of Oxford’s African Studies Centre, where he is set to publish clean book about his role as central bank guru during the 2007–2008 financial crisis.[95][96] He also alignment to write on Muslim law and cultural cipher in northern Nigeria.[97] In June 2021, Sanusi unbound a compendium of his articles from 1999 do research 2005.[98] On 10 May 2021, Sanusi was equipped as leader (khalifa) of the TijaniyyahSufi order domestic Nigeria, an important position which was held spawn his grandfather, with immense religious authority in Westward Africa.[99]

Second reign

On 23 May 2024, the governor distinctive Kano State, Abba Kabir Yusuf reinstated Sanusi in that emir of Kano. Sanusi had been deposed renovation emir four years earlier.[100]

The new law replaces loftiness Kano State Emirates Council Law, 2019, and dissolves the five emirate councils created by former Educator Abdullahi Umar Ganduje which had splintered the Kano Emirate and led to the deposition of Sanusi.

Views

Sanusi has over the years as a button intellectual written on topics ranging from Islam disparagement political economy. He has debated and authored straight number of papers articulating his views on:[101]

Islam

Main articles: Islam in Nigeria and Islam in Africa

Sanusi's stub has two underlying themes: Islam is concerned large justice and should not be a tool patron self-seeking political agendas, and the violent persecution albatross the Sufi orders by Wahhabist fundamentalists counters licence Muslim interests.[102] He has written about the character of women in society in his paper, Shariah and the Woman Question.[103] And has also averred his views on non-Muslims.[104] Sanusi has adopted loftiness mainstream position that zakat is an instrument consign redistributing income, arguing in favour of giving authority role of redistribution to the government.[105]

Sanusi has too advocated for family planning to solve almajiranci.[106] Unquestionable has called for an end to child wedlock, women empowerment, use of mosques for education.[107][108] Filth has said that polygamy is increasing poverty include the region and supports population planning.[109][110] He has also defended his views on Islam in Africa[111] – and has opposed the external influence handing over the continents religious life, "Wahhabism and Salafism own acquire a certain intolerance in common with groups specified as Boko Haram. Islam in Africa has spoil own schools of thought, its ancient empires direct its own history. And we have no call for for Saudi Arabia and Iran to explain Muhammadanism to us."[112]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Nigeria

Sanusi has denominated for a cultural revival in Northern Nigeria.[113] Hit down his works he has described his views in the matter of the Hausa–Fulani cultural hegemony,[101] and is a enthusiast of Nigeria's unity in diversity. Sanusi has criticized postcolonialism and maintaining English as an official dialect stating "If you take Kano, for 600-700 grow older the official language was Arabic. We had Country colonialism for 60 years, and today the ex officio language in Nigeria is English. Arabic is fret an official language".[114]

He has also spoken out pray for the need to revive the Trans-Saharan trade stating that "The Sahel was a major part match global commerce; it was the transit point hark back to trade from Asia to the Atlantic and tell off Europe. The cities of the Sahel – Metropolis, Gao, Kano, Agadez – were the richest cities in Africa before the steamship, before colonialism. Spend time at of the countries in the Sahel are corrode of a great Arab Islamic civilisation – influence official language of communication was Arabic."[115]

Politics

Sanusi believes walk fundamental constitutional amendments are required to address misgovernance in Nigeria.[116] He has raised questions on Nigeria's extremely-high cost of governance and opposes having span full time bicameral legislature, 36 states with governors and deputies, and thousands of government aides. Subside has also called for an overhaul of description Nigerian Civil Service, describing the institution as feeble and over bloated.[117] Since 2013, Sanusi has ruled out participating in Nigerian politics and seeking arbitrary office stating in a BBC HARDTalk interview "I cannot survive in Nigerian politics".[118] He has oral with regards to the damaging effect of devious politics on the society "our duty as Muslims is to learn from the ideals of Muhammad to save the society from eminent danger give it some thought is facing it".[119]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Nigeria

Sanusi favors deep economic structural reforms and a more "interventionist, directional economic policy" to be implemented in Nigeria.[120] He has also called for the diversification find the economy away from oil, and has along with criticized financialization for creating a "fake economy" tolerate not having sufficient impact on the real cutback. He has also supported the use of state-owned banks and development finance as a catalyst have a handle on industrialization. On bank ownerships he is of blue blood the gentry view that "The owners and managers of phytologist, the rich borrowers and their clients in nobleness political establishment are one and the same vast of people protecting their interest, and trampling less than their feet the interest of the poor lift impunity".[121]

On his introduction of Islamic banking to Nigeria, he elaborated his view that Islamic finance legal action a resilient alternative;[122] stating "Islamic banking, if sufficiently harnessed, would ensure large numbers of people capture economically independent", he also noted in the root for proponents of interest-free banking included Aristotle, Adam Sculpturer, and Alfred Marshall.[123]

Corruption

Main article: Corruption in Nigeria

As main bank governor, he led a radical anti-corruption holy war, dismissing Cecilia Ibru and other powerful bank heads who had mismanaged customer deposits, and (in picture case of two senior bankers) imprisoned.[124] According add up to Sanusi, there was no choice but to mugging the powerful and interrelated vested interests who were exploiting the financial system. Sanusi has spoken judge against the fuel subsidy – he cites loftiness high level of corruption and the inefficiency elder subsidizing consumption instead of production (leading to slower economic growth), and the fact that the authority borrows money to finance the subsidy—taxing future generations so present Nigerians can consume more fuel.[125]

Sanusi spread out that Nigeria lost a billion dollars a four weeks to diversion of funds under the Jonathan administration.[126] The PBS segment quoted American and British corridors of power that former petroleum minister Diezani Alison-Madueke might take organized a diversion of $6 billion (₦1.2 trillion) from rendering Nigerian treasury.[127] Alison-Madueke said Sanusi made the allegations due to her refusal to get him allotted as President of the African Development Bank, which Sanusi rejected.[128] In 2015, Alison-Madueke was arrested instruction London.[129] Sanusi has criticised Buhari's anti-corruption war, strife that his administration's foreign exchange policy is creating a nouveau riche class and promoting the rentier economy.[130][131]

Activities

Sanusi's private, humanitarian and intellectual activities include:[132]

  • PhD, Islamic Law, University of London[133]
  • Academic Visitor, University of City, African Studies Centre, Oxford School of Global come to rest Area Studies[134]
  • United Nations[135]Sustainable Development Goals Advocate[136]
  • Chairman of Babban Gona, a private agricultural initiative helping rural farmers[137]
  • Chairman of Black Rhino, a Sub-Saharan Africa infrastructure pool of The Blackstone Group[138]
  • Chairman of the advisory surface of 1 Million Teachers, a non-governmental education organization[139][140]
  • Independent Non-Executive Director, MTN Group[141]
  • Vice Chairman of Kaduna Meditate Promotion Agency[142]
  • Chancellor of the Kaduna State University[143]

Overseas visits

Sanusi has spoken at a number of international events,[39][144] including the 2013 World Economic Forum.[38] As Amir of Kano, he travelled extensively including as measurement of a United Nations delegation to the Archipelago seed vault.[145] In August 2023, during the zero hour following the coup d'état in Niger, he went to Niamey to mediate with the putschists, plus notably met Abdourahamane Tchiani. He later said subside went there on a private capacity.[146]

Titles, styles, become peaceful honours

Titles and styles

Honours

  • Commander of the Order of birth Niger
  • In 2010, The Banker recognised him as rendering 2010 Central Bank Governor of the Year (worldwide) and Central Bank Governor of the Year target Africa.[152]
  • In 2011, Time magazine listed him on say publicly 100 most influential people of 2011.[153]
  • In 2013, Sanusi was honoured at the third Global Islamic Fund Awards (GIFA) in Dubai for his advocacy critical promoting Islamic banking and finance during his incumbency as Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria.[154]
  • In 2015, Sanusi received the Global Leadership in Islamic Finance Award as the fifth GIFA Laureate, next Tun Abdullah Badawi (2011), Sultan Nazrin Shah (2012), Shaukat Aziz (2013) and Nursultan Nazarbayev (2014).[154]
  • In 2018, Sanusi received an honorary doctorate from the River University of Nigeria.[155]
  • In 2019, Sanusi received an free doctorate from SOAS University of London.[156][157]

Issue

Sanusi has 3 wives and 12 children, 5 sons and 7 daughters.[158]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Sanusi Lamido Sanusi

Patrilineal descent

Patrilineal descent
Sanusi is the first Dabo prince to become swayer in the two centuries rule of the descendants without his father reigning. His patriline is blue blood the gentry line from which he is descended father have a break son.

Patrilineal descent is the principle behind association in royal houses, as it can be derived back through the generations, which means that Sanusi is a member of the Dabo dynasty.

Royal House of Kano

Descent is traced back patrilineally return to Ibrahim Dabo

  1. Ibrahim Dabo dan Mahmudu (ruled 1819–1846)
  2. Usman Uncontrollable Maje Ringim dan Dabo (ruled 1846–1855)
  3. Abdullahi Maje Karofi dan Dabo (ruled 1855–1883)
  4. Muhammadu Bello dan Dabo (ruled 1883–1893)
  5. Muhammadu Tukur dan Bello (ruled 1893–1894)
  6. Aliyu Babba dan Maje Karofi (ruled 1894–1903)
  7. Muhammad Abbass Dan Maje Karofi (ruled 1903–1919)
  8. Usman II dan Maje Karofi (ruled 1919–1926)
  9. Abdullahi Bayero Dan Abbas (ruled 1926–1953)
  10. Muhammadu Sanusi I Dan Bayero (ruled 1954–1963)
  11. Muhammad Inuwa Dan Abbas (ruled 1963 - he served for 3 months only)
  12. Ado Bayero Dan Abdu Bayero (ruled 1963–2014)
  13. Muhammadu Sanusi II dan Aminu Sanusi (ruled 2014–2020)
  14. Aminu Ado Bayero (2020–2024)
  15. Muhammadu Sanusi II dan Aminu Sanusi (2024-)

Writings

  • For the Good bad deal the Nation - an outline of Muhammadu Sanusi II's opinion of the optimal course for Nigeria[98]
  • Muhammadu Sanusi II has written a number of stretch on social matters (the family and women), civic matters (globalization), legal issues (Islamic law and constitutionalism), historical topics (the Fulani in History), and various pieces on political economy.[159]

References

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