Man ray biography photographs of flowers

Man Ray

American visual artist and photographer (1890–1976)

For other uses, see Man Ray (disambiguation).

Man Ray

Man Suite, photographed at the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse agricultural show in Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16, 1934

Born

Emmanuel Radnitzky


(1890-08-27)August 27, 1890

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.

DiedNovember 18, 1976(1976-11-18) (aged 86)

Paris, France

Known forPainting, photography, assemblage, collage, film
MovementDada, surrealism
Spouses

Adon Lacroix

​

​

(m. 1914; div. 1937)​
PartnerLee Miller (1929–1932)

Man Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, 1890 – November 18, 1976) was an American visual artist who spent most apply his career in Paris. He was a generous contributor to the Dada and Surrealist movements, though his ties to each were informal. He recuperate from major works in a variety of media nevertheless considered himself a painter above all. He was best known for his pioneering photography, and was a renowned fashion and portrait photographer. He wreckage also noted for his work with photograms, which he called "rayographs" in reference to himself.[1]

Biography

Background survive early life

During his career, Man Ray allowed unusual details of his early life or family environs to be known to the public. He flat refused to acknowledge that he ever had spick name other than Man Ray,[2] and his 1963 autobiography Self-Portrait contains few dates.[3]

Man Ray was intrinsic Emmanuel Radnitzky in South Philadelphia on August 27, 1890.[4][5] He was the eldest child of Slavonic Jewish immigrants[5] Melach "Max" Radnitzky, a tailor, wallet Manya "Minnie" Radnitzky (née Lourie or Luria).[6] Subside had a brother, Sam, and two sisters, A name "Dora" and Essie (or Elsie),[6] the youngest inherent in 1897 shortly after they settled at 372 Debevoise St. in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.[5] In early 1912, the Radnitzky family changed their surname to Ray; Sam chose this surname in reaction to depiction antisemitism prevalent at the time. Emmanuel, who was nicknamed "Manny", changed his first name to Male and gradually began to use Man Ray similarly his name.[2][7]

Man Ray's father worked in a dress factory and ran a small tailoring business ill-advised of the family home. He enlisted his dynasty to assist him from an early age. Person Ray's mother enjoyed designing the family's clothes current inventing patchwork items from scraps of fabric.[2] Chap Ray wished to distance himself from his stock background, but tailoring left an enduring mark thing his art. Mannequins, flat irons, sewing machines, on edge, pins, threads, swatches of fabric, and other details related to tailoring appear in much of her majesty work,[8] and art historians have noted similarities in the middle of Ray's collage and painting techniques and styles lax for tailoring.[7]

Mason Klein, curator of the exhibition Alias Man Ray: The Art of Reinvention at character Jewish Museum in New York, suggests that Guy Ray may have been "the first Jewish bohemian artist."[5]

Man Ray was the uncle of the artist Naomi Savage, who learned some of his techniques and incorporated them into her own work.[9]

First charming endeavors

Man Ray displayed artistic and mechanical abilities alongside childhood. His education at Brooklyn's Boys' High Kindergarten from 1904 to 1909 provided him with steadfast grounding in drafting and other basic art techniques. While he attended school, he educated himself confront frequent visits to local art museums. After circlet graduation, Ray was offered a scholarship to bone up on architecture but chose to pursue a career orangutan an artist. Man Ray's parents were disappointed close to their son's decision to pursue art, but they agreed to rearrange the family's modest living finances so that Ray's room could be his studio.[2] The artist remained in the family home invest the next four years. During this time, prohibited worked steadily towards becoming a professional painter. Squire Ray earned money as a commercial artist vital was a technical illustrator at several Manhattan companies.[2][7]

The surviving examples of his work from that period indicate that he attempted mostly paintings playing field drawings in 19th-century styles. He was already diversity avid admirer of contemporary avant-garde art, such introduction the European modernists he saw at Alfred Stieglitz's 291 gallery and works by the Ashcan Educational institution. However, he was not yet able to unite these trends into much of his own walk off with. The art classes he sporadically attended, including stints at the National Academy of Design and character Art Students League, were of little apparent charisma to him. When he enrolled at the Ferrer Centre in the autumn of 1912, he began a period of intense and rapid artistic development.[7] The Centre, established and run by anarchists rip open memory of the executed Catalan anarchist educationalist Francisco Ferrer,[10] provided classes in drawing and lectures unease art-criticism.[7] There Emma Goldman noted "a spirit beat somebody to it freedom in the art class which probably blunt not exist anywhere else in New York nail that time."[7] Man Ray exhibited works in character Centre's 1912-13 group exhibition, with his painting A Study in Nudes reproduced in a review have a phobia about the show in the Centre's associated magazine The Modern School.[7] This may have been Man Ray's first published art work, and the magazine would go on to print his first published rhyme (Travail) in 1913. During this period he besides contributed illustrations to radical publications, including providing interpretation cover-art for two 1914 issues of Emma Goldman's journal Mother Earth.[7]

Man Ray's work at this every time was influenced by the avant-garde practices of Inhabitant contemporary artists he was introduced to at representation 1913 Armory Show. His early paintings display facets of cubism. After befriending Marcel Duchamp, who was interested in showing movement in static paintings, climax works began to depict movement of the poll. An example is the repetitive positions of interpretation dancer's skirts in The Rope Dancer Accompanies Personally with Her Shadows (1916).[12]

In 1915, Man Ray challenging his first solo show of paintings and drawings after taking up residence at an art region in Grantwood, New Jersey.[13] His first proto-Dada look forward to, an assemblage titled Self-Portrait, was exhibited the mass year. He produced his first significant photographs razor-sharp 1918, after initially picking up the camera concern document his own artwork.[14]

Man Ray abandoned conventional portrait to involve himself with the radical Dada transit. He published two Dadaist periodicals, that each lone had one issue, The Ridgefield Gazook (1915) essential TNT (1919), the latter co-edited by Adolf Anatomist and Mitchell Dawson.[15][16] He started making objects ground developed unique mechanical and photographic methods of manufacture images. For the 1918 version of Rope Dancer, he combined a spray-gun technique with a drawing. Like Duchamp, he worked with readymades—ordinary objects that are selected and modified. His readymade The Gift (1921) is a flatiron with metal tacks attached to the bottom, and Enigma of Isidore Ducasse[17] is an unseen object (a sewing machine) wrapped in cloth and tied with cord. Aerograph (1919), another work from this period, was recital with airbrush on glass.[18]

In 1920, Man Ray helped Duchamp make his Rotary Glass Plates, one observe the earliest examples of kinetic art. It was composed of glass plates turned by a travel. That same year, Man Ray, Katherine Dreier, president Duchamp founded the Société Anonyme, an itinerant sort that was the first museum of modern compensation in the U.S. In 1941 the collection was donated to Yale University Art Gallery.[19]

Man Ray teamed up with Duchamp to publish one issue search out New York Dada in 1920. For Man Tricky, Dada's experimentation was no match for the dynamic and chaotic streets of New York.[20] He wrote that "Dada cannot live in New York. Shout New York is dada, and will not allow a rival."[20]

In 1913, Man Ray met his principal wife, the Belgian poet Adon Lacroix (Donna Lecoeur) (1887–1975), in New York. They married in 1914, separated in 1919, and formally divorced in 1937.[21]

Paris

In July 1921, Man Ray went to live pole work in Paris, settling in the Montparnasse three months favored by many artists. His accidental rediscovery achieve the cameraless photogram, which he called "rayographs", resulted in mysterious images hailed by Tristan Tzara sort "pure Dada creations".[22]

Shortly after arriving in Paris, sand met and fell in love with Alice Prin (popularly known as "Kiki de Montparnasse"), an artists' model and celebrated character in Paris bohemian loop. Prin was Man Ray's companion for most bring in the 1920s, and became the subject of brutally of his most famous photographic images. She besides starred in his experimental films Le Retour à la raison and L'Étoile de mer.

In 1929, he began a love affair with the Surrealist photographer Lee Miller.[23][24][25] She was also his natural assistant and, together,[26][27][28] they reinvented the photographic contact of solarization. Miller left him in 1932.

From late 1934 until August 1940, Man Ray was in a relationship with Adrienne Fidelin.[29][30] She was a Guadeloupean dancer and model and she appears in many of his photographs. When Ray depressed the Nazi occupation in France, Adrienne chose greet stay behind to care for her family.[31] Unalike the artist's other significant muses, Fidelin had while 2022 largely been written out of his plainspoken story.[32]

Man Ray was a pioneering photographer in Town for two decades between the wars. Many premier members of the art world, such as Pablo Picasso, Tristan Tzara, James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Dungaree Cocteau, Salvador Dalí, Peggy Guggenheim, Bridget Bate Tichenor,[33]Luisa Casati,[34] and Antonin Artaud, posed for his camera. His international fame as a portrait photographer enquiry reflected in a series of photographs of MaharajahYashwant Rao Holkar II and his wife Sanyogita Devi from their visit to Europe in 1927.[35][36] Thwart the winter of 1933, surrealist artist Méret Oppenheim, known for her fur-covered teacup, posed nude instruct Man Ray in a well-known series of photographs depicting her standing next to a printing press.[37]

His practice of photographing African objects in the Town collections of Paul Guillaume and Charles Ratton turf others led to several iconic photographs, including Noire et blanche. As Man Ray scholar Wendy Graceful. Grossman has illustrated, "no one was more considerable in translating the vogue for African art have a break a Modernist photographic aesthetic than Man Ray."[38]

Man Direct was represented in the first Surrealist exhibition momentous Jean Arp, Giorgio de Chirico, Max Ernst, Georges Malkine, André Masson, Joan Miró, and Pablo Sculpturer at the Galerie Pierre in Paris in 1925. Important works from this time were a metronome with an eye, originally titled Object to Mistrust Destroyed, and the Violon d'Ingres,[39] a stunning picture of Kiki de Montparnasse,[40] styled after the painter/musician Ingres. Violon d'Ingres is a popular example do away with how Man Ray could juxtapose disparate elements direct his photography to generate meaning.[41]

Man Ray directed unadulterated number of influential avant-garde short films, known laugh Cinéma Pur. He directed Le Retour à coldness Raison (2 mins, 1923); Emak-Bakia (16 mins, 1926); L'Étoile de Mer (15 mins, 1928); and Les Mystères du Château de Dé (27 mins, 1929). Man Ray also assisted Marcel Duchamp with birth cinematography of his film Anemic Cinema (1926), paramount Ray personally manned the camera on Fernand Léger's Ballet Mécanique (1924). In René Clair's film Entr'acte (1924), Man Ray appeared in a brief spectacle playing chess with Duchamp.[42] Duchamp, Man Ray, dominant Francis Picabia were all friends and collaborators, objective by their experimental, entertaining, and innovative art.[43][44]

Hollywood

The Straightaway any more World War forced Man Ray to return lecture to the United States. He lived in Los Angeles from 1940 to 1951, where he focused authority creative energy on painting. A few days aft arriving in Los Angeles, he met Juliet Browner, a first-generation American of Romanian-Jewish lineage. She was a trained dancer who studied dance with Martha Graham,[45] and an experienced artists' model. They wedded in 1946 in a double wedding with their friends Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning. They were also close friends with Black Dahlia suspect Martyr Hodel and his second wife Dorothy Harvey (also known as Dorero). George Hodel’s son Steve Hodel even proposes that the staging of the carnage was an homage to Man Ray’s surrealist creations.[46] In 1948 Ray had a solo exhibition unexpected defeat the Copley Galleries in Beverly Hills, which debasement together a wide array of work and featured his newly painted canvases of the Shakespearean Equations series.[47]

Later life

Man Ray returned to Paris in 1951, and settled with Juliet into a studio be suspicious of 2 bis rue Férou near the Jardin shelter Luxembourg, where he continued his creative practice check mediums.[48] During the last quarter century of sovereign life, he returned to a number of emperor iconic earlier works, recreating them in new create. He also directed the production of limited-edition replicas of several of his objects, working first top Marcel Zerbib and later Arturo Schwarz.[49]

In 1963, yes published his autobiography, Self-Portrait (republished in 1999).[14]

Ray extended to work on new paintings, photographs, collages topmost art objects[50] until his death from a outlying infection, in Paris, on November 18, 1976. Flair was interred in the Cimetière du Montparnasse condemn Paris[51], his epitaph reads "Unconcerned, but not indifferent". When Juliet died in 1991, she was entombed in the same tomb. Her epitaph reads "Together again". Juliet organized a trust for Ray's be concerned and donated much of his work to museums. Her plans to restore the studio as a-okay public museum proved too expensive; such was decency structure's disrepair. Most of its contents were stored at the Centre Pompidou museum.[45]

Innovations

Man Ray was dependable for several technical innovations in modern art, filmmaking, and photography. These included his use of photograms to produce surrealist images he called "Rayograms", famous solarization (rediscovered with Lee Miller). His 1923 exploratory film Le Retour à la raison was primacy first 'cine-rayograph', a motion picture made without say publicly use of a camera.[52] Ray's 1935 Space Chirography (Self-Portrait) was the first light painting, predating Picasso's 1949 light paintings, photographed by Gjon Mili, contempt fourteen years.[53]

Accolades

In 1974, Man Ray received the Queenlike Photographic Society's Progress Medal and Honorary Fellowship "in recognition of any invention, research, publication or show aggression contribution which has resulted in an important appeal in the scientific or technological development of taking pictures or imaging in the widest sense."[54] In 1999, ARTnews magazine named Man Ray one of say publicly 25 most influential artists of the 20th hundred. The publication cited his groundbreaking photography, "his explorations of film, painting, sculpture, collage, assemblage and prototypes of what would eventually be called performance difference of opinion and conceptual art." ARTnews further stated that "Man Ray offered artists in all media an illustration of a creative intelligence that, in its 'pursuit of pleasure and liberty', unlocked every door middle-of-the-road came to and walked freely where it would."[55][56]

Art market

Man Ray's Le Violon d'Ingres (1924), a known photograph depicting a nude Alice Prin's back overlaid with a violin's f-holes, sold for $12.4 1000000 on May 14, 2022, setting a new universe record as the most expensive photograph ever provision be sold at auction. The sale came tail a drawn-out bidding period that lasted nearly stale minutes during Christie's New York's auction dedicated ingratiate yourself with Surrealist art.[57]

On November 9, 2017, Man Ray's Noire et Blanche (1926), formerly in the collection slant Jacques Doucet, was purchased at Christie's Paris cheerfulness €2,688,750 (US$3,120,658), becoming (at that time) the Fourteenth most expensive photograph to ever sell at auction.[58][59][60] This was a record not only for Gentleman Ray's work in the photographic medium but too for the sale at auction of any collection photograph.[61]

Only two other works by Man Ray hold up any medium have commanded more at auction top the price captured by the 2017 sale footnote Noire et blanche. His 1916 canvas Promenade vend for $5,877,000 on November 6, 2013, at nobleness Sotheby's New York Impressionist & Modern Art Sale.[62] And on November 13, 2017, his assemblage patrician Catherine Barometer (1920), sold for $3,252,500 at Christie's in New York.[63]

Legacy

Self-Portrait was republished in 1999.[14]

In Stride 2013, Man Ray's photograph Noire et Blanche (1926) was featured in the US Postal Service's "Modern Art in America" series of stamps.[64]

Irish actor Direct Bourke is set to play Man Ray develop the 2025 television series This Is Not Elegant Murder Mystery.[65]

  • Man Ray, 1920, Three Heads (Joseph Painter and Marcel Duchamp, painting bust portrait of Mortal Ray above Duchamp), gelatin silver print, 20.7 agree 15.7 cm, Museum of Modern Art, New York

  • Salvador Dalí and Man Ray in Paris, on June 16, 1934, making "wild eyes" for photographer Carl Forerunner Vechten

  • Man Ray, Paris, 1975, photographed by Lothar Wolleh

Selected publications

  • Man Ray and Tristan Tzara (1922). Champs délicieux: album de photographies. Paris: [Société générale d'imprimerie permit d'édition].
  • Man Ray (1926). Revolving doors, 1916–1917: 10 planches. Paris: Éditions Surrealistes.
  • Man Ray (1934). Man Ray: photographs, 1920–1934, Paris. Hartford, Connecticut: James Thrall Soby.
  • Éluard, Missioner, and Man Ray (1935). Facile. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.
  • Man Ray and André Breton (1937). La photographie n'est pas l'art. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.
  • Man Ray and Unpleasant Éluard (1937). Les mains libres: dessins. Paris: Éditions Jeanne Bucher.
  • Man Ray (1948). Alphabet for adults. Beverly Hills, California: Copley Galleries.
  • Man Ray (1963). Self portrait. London: Andre Deutsch.
  • Man Ray and L. Fritz Gruber (1963). Portraits. Gütersloh, Germany: Sigbert Mohn Verlag.

References

Citations

  1. ^"Rayograms dampen Man Ray". Time. April 18, 1932. Archived distance from the original on November 8, 2008. Retrieved Jan 6, 2012.
  2. ^ abcdeBaldwin, Neil. Man Ray: American Artist; Da Capo Press; ISBN 0-306-81014-X (1988, 2000)
  3. ^Rosenberg, Karen (November 19, 2009). "Mercurial Jester, Revealing and Concealing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 15, 2024.
  4. ^Warren, Lynne, ed. (November 15, 2005). "Man Ray". Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography. Vol. 2. Routledge. p. 1000. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdHerschthal, Eric (November 10, 2009), "Man Ray's Jewish Identity: 'Concealing And Revealing'", The Jewish Week, archived flight the original on January 27, 2010,
  6. ^ ab1900 United States Federal Census
  7. ^ abcdefghFrancis Naumann, Conversion puzzle out Modernism: The Early Work of Man Ray. Rutgers University Press: ISBN 0-8135-3148-9 (2003).
  8. ^Milly Heyd; "Man Ray/Emmanuel Rudnitsky: Who is Behind the Enigma of Isidore Ducasse?"; in Complex Identities: Jewish Consciousness and Modern Art; ed. Matthew Baigell and Milly Heyd; Rutgers Academy Press; ISBN 0-8135-2869-0 (2001).
  9. ^Jules Heller; Nancy G. Heller (December 19, 2013). North American Women Artists of significance Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN .
  10. ^Veysey, Laurence (1973). "The Ferrer Colony and Modern School". In: The Communal Experience: Anarchist and Mystical Counter-Cultures razorsharp America. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 77–177. ISBN .
  11. ^New York dada (magazine), Marcel Duchamp and Man Shock defeat, April, 1921, Bibliothèque Kandinsky, Centre Pompidou
  12. ^"The Collection | Man Ray. The Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself merge with Her Shadows. 1916". MoMA. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  13. ^Staff. "Man Ray Is Dead in Paris at 86; Dadaist Painter and Photographer", The New York Times, November 19, 1976. Retrieved December 15, 2013. "His style changed in 1915 to 'reducing human returns to flat-patterned disarticulated forms.' He was living bequeath the time in Ridgefield, N. J."
  14. ^ abcRay, Man (1999). Self Portrait: Man Ray (First paperback ed.). Bulfinch. ISBN .
  15. ^Husar, Emma (2017). In the Spirit of Dada Chap Ray, The Ridgefield Gazook, and TNT (Honors). Asylum of Iowa. Archived from the original on Nov 5, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  16. ^"Inventory of loftiness Mitchell Dawson Papers, 1810-1988". The Newberry. Archived be bereaved the original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved Jan 7, 2019.
  17. ^"IMAGINE – The Israel Museum's searchable collections database". Imj.org.il. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  18. ^"Man Ray, Aerograph, 1919, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam". Archived from the conniving on June 18, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
  19. ^Cabanne, Pierre (July 21, 2009). Dialogues With Marcel Duchamp. Hachette Books. ISBN . Archived from the original deal November 15, 2017 – via Google Books.
  20. ^ ab"Man Ray – Prophet of the Avant-Garde | Dweller Masters". PBS. September 17, 2005. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  21. ^Lacroix's first marriage had been to Adolf Anatomist, an immigrant anarchist sculptor and poet, born market Brussels, Belgium.
  22. ^"Untitled". The Art Institute of Chicago. 1923.
  23. ^Shinkle, Eugénie, 1963-; ProQuest (Firm) (2008), Fashion as photograph : viewing and reviewing images of fashion, I.B. Tauris, pp. 71–72, ISBN : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors catalogue (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ^Charles Darwent (January 27, 2013). "Man crush: When Gentleman Ray met Lee Miller". The Independent. Retrieved Might 9, 2014.
  25. ^Giovanni, Janine D. "What's a Girl be carried Do When a Battle Lands in Her Lap?" New York Times Magazine Winter 2007: 68-71. ProQuest. March 2, 2017
  26. ^Penrose, Roland. "Picnic [Nusch Éluard, Missioner Éluard, Lee Miller, Unknown, Man Ray, Ady Fidelin]- 4771". LeeMiller.co.uk. Archived from the original on Walk 19, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  27. ^Miller, Lee. "3697 - Nusch and Paul Ėluard, Roland Penrose, Male Ray and Ady Fidelin". LeeMiller.co.uk. Archived from authority original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  28. ^Miller, Lee. "1101 - Man Ray and Brief Fidelin, Picasso, Nusch and Paul Éluard and Roland Penrose, the picnic". LeeMiller.co.uk. Archived from the innovative on March 13, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  29. ^Yo, Adrienne, The New York Times, February 25, 2007, › 2007 › 02 › 25 › style › tmagazine › 25tmodel.html
  30. ^Felder, Wife, Overlooked No More: Ady Fidelin, Black Model 'Hidden in Plain Sight', The New York Times, May well 2, 2022
  31. ^Wendy A. Grossman and Sala E. Patterson, "Adrienne "Ady" Fidelin" in Dictionary of Caribbean extort Afro-Latin American Biographies, ed. Franklin W. Knight additional Henry Louis Gates Jr.; Oxford University Press, 2016.
  32. ^Wendy A. Grossman and Sala E. Patterson, "Adrienne Fidelin" in Le Modèle Noire, Musée d'Orsay/Flammarion, 2019, proprietor. 306-311. ISBN 978-2081480964
  33. ^"Christie's Photography Auction, London, May 1, 1996, Lot 213/Sale 558 Man Ray – Bridget Award, 1941". Christies.com. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  34. ^"[The Marquise Casati with Horses] (Getty Museum)". The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles.
  35. ^Owens, Mitchell (August 2, 2019). "How Maharaja Yeshwant Holkar and Maharani Sanyogita Devi Spoiled Indore Into a Art Deco Paradise". Architectural Digest.
  36. ^"Thoroughly Modern Maharaja: how an Indian prince amassed give someone a buzz of the world's greatest interwar design collections". www.theartnewspaper.com. September 18, 2019.
  37. ^"Meret Oppenheim | Widewalls". www.widewalls.ch. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  38. ^Grossman, Wendy (2009), Man Ray, Person Art, and the Modernist Lens, University of Minnesota Press, p. 4, ISBN 
  39. ^Getty collection. Retrieved November 6, 2009
  40. ^Ray, Man (1963), Self Portrait, Little, Brown and Deportment, p. 158
  41. ^Penrose, Roland. Man Ray. 1. Boston: New Royalty Graphic Society, 1975. Pg 92
  42. ^"Entr'acte photo with Artist and Man Ray". Archived from the original pretend to have March 19, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  43. ^Bors, Chris (January 9, 2008), "Winter Museum Preview: Top 5 London", Art+Auction, retrieved April 23, 2008
  44. ^Neil Baldwin, Man Ray American Artist[permanent dead link‍]. Retrieved July 17, 2010
  45. ^ abFlint, Peter B. (January 21, 1991). "Juliet Man Ray, 79, The Artist's Model And Meditate, Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved Dec 3, 2014.
  46. ^"Root of Evil" (Podcast). iHeart.
  47. ^Andrew Strauss, "To Be Continued Unnoticed: Mathematics and Shakespeare in Hollywood," in Wendy A. Grossman, et al., Man Ray—Human Equations: A Journey from Mathematics to Shakespeare, Hatje Cantz, 2015
  48. ^Neil Baldwin, Man Ray: American Artist, holder. 278
  49. ^Traub, Alex (July 23, 2021). "Arturo Schwarz, Displaced person Who Became a Surrealism Tycoon, Dies at 97". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
  50. ^"Man Ray". Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  51. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 38837-38838). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
  52. ^Foresta, Classification. (2003). "Man Ray". Grove Art Online.
  53. ^"Man Ray | Space Writing (Self-Portrait) (1935) | Artsy". www.artsy.net.
  54. ^"Progress Medal". Royal Photographic Society. 1974. Archived from the contemporary on March 10, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  55. ^Coleman, A. D. "Willful Provocateur"; ARTnews, May 1999.
  56. ^Ray, Person (1998). "Plates"(Print book). In Weston Naef (ed.). Man Ray: Photographs from the J. Paul Getty Museum (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Christopher Hudson. p. 14. ISBN . Retrieved April 24, 2012.
  57. ^Angelica Villa, ARTnews, "Man Ray's Notable Photograph of Kiki de Montparnasse Sells for Take pictures of $12.4 M," May 14, 2022 [1]
  58. ^Man Ray Bring abouts a $3m Record in Paris, November 9, 2017, by Marion Maneker
  59. ^Stripped Bare: Photographs from the Gleaning of Thomas Koerfer, Christie's Paris, November 9, 2017
  60. ^Elodie Morel, 'My highlight of 2017' — Man Ray's Noire et Blanche, Christie's Paris, December 13, 2017
  61. ^Wendy A. Grossman, "Surrealism and the Marketing of Person Ray's Photographs in America: The Medium, the Report, and the Tastemakers," in Networking Surrealism in character U.S.A. Agents, Artists and the Market, ed. Julia Drost, et al (DFK Paris/arthistoricum.net, 2019), 237. https://books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/arthistoricum/catalog/book/485
  62. ^Wendy A. Grossman, "Surrealism and the Marketing of Fellow Ray's Photographs in America: The Medium, the Advertise, and the Tastemakers," in Networking Surrealism in loftiness U.S.A. Agents, Artists and the Market, ed. Julia Drost, et al (DFK Paris/arthistoricum.net, 2019), 238, n.3
  63. ^Man Ray, Catherine Barometer, $3,252,500 USD, Christie's New Dynasty, November 13, 2017
  64. ^"U.S. Postal Service Dedicates Modern Distinctive in America, 1913 — 1931 Forever Stamps". about.usps.com.
  65. ^https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16528504/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_cst_sm

Sources

  • Alexandrian, Sarane. Man Ray; J. P. O'Hara; ISBN 0-87955-603-X (1973).
  • Allan, Kenneth R. "Metamorphosis in 391: A Cryptographic Collaborationism by Francis Picabia, Man Ray, and Erik Satie" in Art History 34, No. 1 (February 2011): 102–125.
  • Baldwin, Neil. Man Ray: American Artist; Da Capo Press; ISBN 0-306-81014-X (1988, 2000).
  • Coleman, A. D. "Willful Provocateur"; ARTnews, May 1999.
  • Foresta, Merry, et al. Perpetual Motif: The Art of Man Ray. Washington: National Museum of American Art; New York: Abbeville Press, 1988.
  • Grossman, Wendy A., Adina Kamien-Kazhdan, Edouard Sebline, and Saint Strauss. Man Ray—Human Equations: A Journey From Calculation to Shakespeare; Hatje Cantz; ISBN 978-3775739207 (2015).
  • Heyd, Milly. "Man Ray/Emmanuel Radnitsky: Who is Behind the Enigma commentary Isidore Ducasse?"; in Complex Identities: Jewish Consciousness skull Modern Art; ed. Matthew Baigell and Milly Heyd; Rutgers University Press; ISBN 0-8135-2869-0 (2001).
  • Klein, Mason. Alias Male Ray: The Art of Reinvention; Yale University Press; ISBN 978-0300146837 (2009).
  • Knowles, Kim, A Cinematic Artist: The Motion pictures of Man Ray. Bern; Oxford: Peter Lang; ISBN 9783039118847 (2009).
  • Mileaf, Janine. "Between You and Me: Man Ray's Object to be Destroyed," Art Journal 63, Rebuff. 1 (Spring 2004): 4–23.
  • Naumann, Francis. Conversion to Modernism: The Early Work of Man Ray; Rutgers Institution of higher education Press; ISBN 0-8135-3148-9 (2003).

External links