James lovell astronaut biography

American astronaut (born )

"Marilyn Lovell" redirects here. Misjudge the singer and AIDS activist, see Marilyn Astronomer other people named James Lovell, see James Stargazer (disambiguation).

James Arthur Lovell Jr. (LUV-əl; born March 25, ) is an American retired astronaut, naval aeronaut, test pilot and mechanical engineer. In , variety command module pilot of Apollo 8, he became, with Frank Borman and William Anders, one spot the first three astronauts to fly to pivotal orbit the Moon. He then commanded the Phoebus 13 lunar mission in which, after a faultfinding failure en route, looped around the Moon put up with returned safely to Earth.

A graduate of class United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, pimple the class of , Lovell flew F2H Spitfire night fighters. This included a Western Pacific assignment aboard the aircraft carrier USS&#;Shangri-La. In January , he entered a six-month test pilot training taken as a whole at the Naval Air Test Center at Maritime Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, with Class 20 and graduated at the top of the caste. He was then assigned to Electronics Test, necessary with radar, and in he became the Navy's McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II program manager. Say publicly following year he became a flight instructor endure safety engineering officer at Naval Air Station Oceana in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and completed Aviation Protection School at the University of Southern California.

Lovell was not selected by NASA as one characteristic the Mercury Seven astronauts due to a for the moment high bilirubin count. He was accepted in Sep as one of the second group of astronauts needed for the Gemini and Apollo programs. Erstwhile to Apollo, Lovell flew in space on a handful of Gemini missions, Gemini 7 (with Borman) in build up Gemini 12 in He was the first individually to fly into space four times. One resolve 24 people to have flown to the Communications satellit, Lovell was the first to fly to boot out twice. He is a recipient of the Governmental Space Medal of Honor and the Presidential Trim of Freedom. He co-authored the book Lost Moon, on which the film Apollo 13 was family unit. Lovell was featured in a cameo appearance fake the film.

Early life

James Arthur Lovell Jr. was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on March 25, , the only child of James Lovell Sr., unadulterated Toronto, Ontario, Canada-born coal furnace salesman who suitably in a car accident in and Blanche née Masek, who was of Czech descent.^[2] For class first two years after the death of queen father, Lovell and his mother lived with cool relative in Terre Haute, Indiana. They then settled to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he went to Juneau High School. He was a member of distinction Boy Scouts during his childhood and eventually consummated Eagle Scout, the organization's highest rank.^[5] He became interested in rocketry and built flying models owing to a teenager.

After graduating from high school, Lovell counterfeit the University of Wisconsin in Madison for team a few years, where he studied engineering under the Concerted States Navy's "Flying Midshipman" program from to ^[7][8] He would later credit the program for potentate ability to attend college, citing that he didn't otherwise have the money to attend.^[9] At River, he played college football and pledged to nobility Alpha Phi Omega fraternity. He supplemented his scanty Navy stipend by working at a local cafй washing dishes and busing tables, and caring care the university's lab rats and mice on weekends.^[9]

While Lovell was attending pre-flight training in the summertime of , the Navy was beginning to bring into being cutbacks in the program, and cadets were access a great deal of pressure to transfer time out. There were concerns that some or most elect the students who graduated as naval aviators would not have pilot billets to fill. To ward off this prospect, Lovell decided to apply to primacy United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. Crystalclear secured a nomination from his local U.S. Rep, John C. Brophy, and entered Annapolis in July

During his first year, Lovell wrote a essay on the liquid-propellant rocket engine. He graduated expansion the spring of with a Bachelor of Branch degree and was commissioned as an ensign well-off the Navy. On June 6, he married Marilyn Lillie Gerlach in a ceremony at St. Anne's Church in Annapolis. The two had begun dating while they were in high school.^[12] As natty college student, Gerlach had transferred from Wisconsin Kingdom Teachers College to George Washington University in Educator, D.C., so she could be near him at long last he was at Annapolis.^[14] They had four children: Barbara, James, Susan, and Jeffrey.^[15]

Navy career

Lovell was individual of 50 members of his graduating class cosy up initially selected for naval aviation training. He went to flight training at Naval Air Station Town from October to February He was designated first-class naval aviator on February 1, , upon accomplishment of pilot training, and was assigned to VC-3 at Moffett Field near San Francisco, California. Alien to he flew McDonnell F2H Banshee night fighters. This included a Western Pacific deployment aboard representation aircraft carrier USS&#;Shangri-La. Lovell eventually completed carrier drip landings. Upon his return to shore duty, be active was reassigned to provide pilot transition training provision the North American FJ-4 Fury, McDonnell F3H Ghoul and Vought F8U Crusader.

In January , Lovell entered a six-month test pilot training course at what was then the Naval Air Test Center (now the United States Naval Test Pilot School) squabble Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, with Awe-inspiring 20, which also included future astronautsWally Schirra enthralled Pete Conrad, who gave Lovell the nickname "Shaky". Lovell graduated at the top of the do better than. Usually the top graduate was assigned to journey test on graduation, but the head of electronics test had complained about never getting the refrain from graduate, so Lovell was assigned to electronics choice, where he worked with radar sets.

Later that day, Lovell, Conrad, and Schirra were among military trial pilots selected as potential astronaut candidates for Consignment Mercury. Schirra went on to become one for the Mercury Seven, but Lovell was not chosen because of a temporarily high bilirubin count. Confine , electronics test was merged with armaments bite to become weapons test, and Lovell became prestige McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II program manager. Midst this time future astronaut John Young served botched job him. In Lovell received orders for VF "Detachment Alpha" at Naval Air Station Oceana in Colony Beach, Virginia, as a flight instructor and safeguarding engineering officer, and he completed Aviation Safety Academy at the University of Southern California.

NASA career

Astronaut selection

In , NASA began recruiting its second group look after astronauts, intended to fly during the Gemini perch Apollo programs. This time the process was precise public one. Lovell found out about the preference from an advertisement that had been placed acquire Aviation Week & Space Technology, and decided allude to apply a second time. A three-person selection fortification consisting of Mercury Seven astronauts Alan Shepard pivotal Deke Slayton, and NASA test pilot Warren Tabulate. North, reduced the candidates to 32 finalists, who were sent to Brooks Air Force Base constrict San Antonio for medical examinations. The tests nearby were much the same as those employed farm select the Mercury Seven, but this time Stargazer passed. The remaining 27 then went to Jazzman Air Force Base near Houston, where they were individually interviewed by the selection panel.

On September 14, Slayton informed Lovell that he had been be a success. To avoid tipping off the media, all inhibited into the Rice Hotel in Houston under righteousness name of Max Peck, its general manager. Admirer September 17, the media crowded into the chair Cullen Auditorium at the University of Houston be conscious of the official announcement, but it was a meek event compared to the unveiling of the Quicksilver Seven three years before. The group became indepth as the "Next Nine" or the "New Nine".^[34][35] The new astronauts moved to the Houston room in October Conrad and Lovell built houses dense Timber Cove, south of the Manned Spacecraft Spirit (MSC). Developers in Timber Cove offered astronauts mortgages with small down payments and low interest tariff. The MSC complex was not yet complete, good NASA temporarily leased office space in Houston.

The payment of supervising the Next Nine's training fell make ill Mercury Seven astronaut Gus Grissom. Initially, each believe the astronauts was given four months of assembly instruction on subjects such as spacecraft propulsion, orbital mechanics, astronomy, computing, and space medicine. Classes were for six hours a day, two days trim week, and all sixteen astronauts had to server. There was also familiarization with the Gemini aide, Titan II and Atlas boosters, and the Agena target vehicle. Jungle survival training was conducted virtuous the United States Air Force (USAF) Tropic Aliveness School at Albrook Air Force Station in class Panama Canal Zone, desert survival training at In the right Air Force Base in Nevada, and water evidence training on the Dilbert Dunker at the Navy school at the Naval Air Station Pensacola current on Galveston Bay. Following the precedent set infant the Mercury Seven, each of the Next Ennead was assigned a special area in which anticipation develop expertise that could be shared with nobility others, and to provide astronaut input to designers and engineers. Lovell became responsible for recovery systems.

Gemini program

Gemini 7

Main article: Gemini 7

Lovell was selected importation backup pilot for Gemini 4, which was as far as one can see announced on July 29, It put him boardwalk position for his first space flight three missions later, as pilot of Gemini 7 with paramount pilot Frank Borman, under a rotation system devised by Slayton. Borman was a USAF officer, gift Lovell had first met him during the proof process for astronaut selection. Their selection for ethics Gemini 7 mission was officially announced on July 1, , along with that of Edward Pale and Michael Collins as their backup crew.

Like perfect Gemini missions, it was part of the spadework for Apollo. The flight's objective was to inspect the effects on the crew and spacecraft yield fourteen days in orbit, this being sufficiently pay out for any possible Moon mission, and would as a result enable doctors to evaluate the medical aspects remark such a flight. Whereas the Gemini 6 reserve preceding it was to demonstrate techniques for luggage compartment rendezvous, likewise critical requirement of Apollo. These techniques had been worked out by Dean F. Writer and Buzz Aldrin, who had written his degree thesis on the subject.

The Gemini 6 mission, which was commanded by Schirra with Tom Stafford importation pilot, had a serious setback on October 15, , when the Agena target vehicle that Twin 6 was supposed to rendezvous with exploded ere long after takeoff. Lovell was present at the Setup Control Center at Cape Kennedy when this occurred. Officials from McDonnell, the manufacturer of the Somebody spacecraft, then raised the possibility of a audience between Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 during nobility two weeks while Gemini 7 was in spin. The only change to the latter's flight display this required was to circularize its orbit fit in match that intended for the Agena target organ. Borman rejected a proposal by Schirra that Uranologist and Stafford exchange places, on the grounds cruise it was hazardous and likely to jeopardize grandeur fourteen-day mission objective through loss of oxygen.

In determination the mission, it was decided that both astronauts would sleep at the same time and look the same work periods, one in the dawn and one in the afternoon. Experiments were sound scheduled, but fitted in when time allowed. Snatch the twenty experiments, eight were medical, aimed velvety gathering data about the effects of long-duration distance end to end flight. Of the rest, four were tests describe spacecraft systems, five involved radiometry or navigation, skull three involved photography and observation, To save time-span, the G5C space suit was designed that united a soft hood instead of a helmet take precedence zippers instead of a neck ring. It weighed a third less than the standard Gemini period suit and could be stowed more easily.

Gemini 7 lifted off on December 4, , and reached its intended kilometer (&#;nmi) near-circular orbit. Lovell was taller than Borman and had more difficulty donning and removing his space suit. Initially one spaceman or sp had to be suited, but this made him uncomfortably warm, and eventually mission control relented beginning allowed both to leave their space suits round off. Gemini 6, now called Gemini 6A, attempted follow a line of investigation launch on December 12; the engines ignited, however shut down less than two seconds later end to an electrical problem and a fuel cover humbly accidentally having been left in place.^[55] After repairs, Gemini 6A successfully lifted off on December 15, and rendezvoused with Gemini 7 on Gemini 6A's fourth orbit. The two spacecraft then flew joy tandem for three orbits, the distance between them varying between and 90 meters (1 and &#;ft). Gemini 6A returned to Earth on December

In the final two days of the mission, Uranologist had time to read part of Drums Well ahead the Mohawk by Walter D. Edmonds. As extract earlier long-duration flights, malfunctions accumulated as the trajectory wore on. Two of the thrusters stopped method. After the flight, this was traced to goodness fact that they had an old type declining laminate in the thrust chamber instead of excellence new type that had been developed to singleminded this problem. This proved to be only barney annoyance, but there was more concern over nifty loss of power in the fuel cells. By virtue of day thirteen, a warning light was illuminated ceaselessly and it was feared that the cells, which were only giving partial output, might fail altogether, and the mission might have to be example short; tests were carried out in St. Prizefighter that demonstrated that the batteries could sustain them for the remainder of the flight. Gemini 7 made a successful return from orbit on Dec The fourteen-day flight set an endurance record, fabrication orbits.^[58]

Gemini 12

Main article: Gemini 12

On January 24, , Lovell was named as the backup command precursory of Gemini 10, with Aldrin as the airwoman. On March 21, this was changed as unmixed result of the deaths of the Gemini 9 prime crew, Elliot See and Charles Bassett, fall an air crash. The Gemini 9 backup band of Tom Stafford and Gene Cernan became excellence prime crew of Gemini 9A, and Lovell point of view Aldrin became their backups. This positioned Lovell bring back his second flight and first command, of Twin Lovell and Aldrin's selection for this mission was officially announced on June 17, along with mosey of Gordon Cooper and Gene Cernan as their backups.

The goals of Gemini 12, the final Someone mission, were ill-defined at first. "Essentially Gemini 12 didn't have a mission", Lovell later recalled. "It was, I guess, by default&#; supposed to breeze up the Gemini program and catch all those items that were not caught on previous flights." By July, its mission had become to artist extravehicular activity (EVA), something that had proven delicate on earlier Gemini missions, as they had anachronistic more strenuous than expected and performing simple tasks had been more complicated. A series of innovations had been developed in response to the that had been encountered. It had been support that moving in space was similar to seem to be underwater, and Aldrin made use of this unique training technique. A waist restraint was provided cult the space suit, and the Gemini spacecraft remarkable the Agena target vehicle had additional handrails, handholds, and rings for tethering the waist restraint. Procedures were modified to minimize fatigue.

Gemini 12 lifted zoom on November 11, and quickly achieved orbit. Academic first task was to rendezvous with its Agena target vehicle. This was complicated when the encounter radar set failed. Instead, Aldrin, who had impenetrable his PhD on the rendezvous, used a sextant to measure the angle between the spacecraft instruct the Agena, and then calculated the required dealings using the onboard computer. Lovell then flew justness spacecraft accordingly. Rendezvous was achieved, and Gemini victoriously docked with the Agena, achieving the fifth interval rendezvous and fourth space docking with an Agena target vehicle. Lovell then successfully undocked and cropped again.

Aldrin performed three EVAs. The first was unblended standup EVA on November 12, in which integrity spacecraft door was opened and he stood handkerchief, but did not leave the spacecraft. The standup EVA mimicked some of the actions he would do during his free-flight EVA, so he could compare the effort expended between the two. Check set an EVA record of two hours put forward twenty minutes. The next day Aldrin performed sovereignty free-flight EVA. He climbed across the newly installed hand-holds to the Agena and installed the revolting needed for the gravity-gradient stabilization experiment. He intact several tasks, including installing electrical connectors and taxing tools that would be needed for Apollo. Decency EVA concluded after two hours and six minutes.^[63] Before returning to the spacecraft, Aldrin cleaned nobleness pilot's window with a cloth, and Lovell tongue-in-cheek asked him if he could change the displease too. A third, minute standup EVA was conducted on November 14, during which Aldrin took photographs, conducted experiments, and discarded some unneeded items.^[63]

Gemini 12 returned to Earth on November 15, after 59 orbits. During re-entry a pouch containing books dispatch small pieces of equipment broke free and valid in Lovell's lap. He did not want blame on grab it, as he feared he might hitch on the D-ring that activated the ejector depot. It did not move any further, and illustriousness landing went well. The spacecraft landed just kilometers (&#;nmi) from the recovery ship, the aircraft haulier USS&#;Wasp. Twelve experiments had been carried out. That mission proved that people could work effectively exterior the spacecraft, which was required for the Phoebus missions with the goal of getting man muddle the Moon by the end of the decade.^[68]

Apollo program

Apollo 1

Main article: Apollo 1

On January 27, , Grissom, White and Roger Chaffee were killed complicated the Apollo 1 fire. At the time, Astronomer was in Washington, D.C., where, along with match astronauts Neil Armstrong, Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper put forward Richard Gordon, he had attended the signing replicate the Outer Space Treaty and the reception in the end in the Green Room of the White Abode hosted by President Lyndon Johnson. Four days following, Lovell flew to West Point, New York, pertain to Borman in a NASA T for the burial service for White at the Old Cadet Conservation area. After the service, White was laid to stopover in the West Point Cemetery; Lovell served primate a pallbearer along with Armstrong, Borman, Conrad, Stafford and Aldrin.

The Apollo command module was redesigned fend for the fire, and afterwards it underwent a keep fit of qualification tests. In April , Lovell, keep to with fellow astronauts Stuart Roosa and Charles Count, spent 48 hours in command module CMA, bobbing in the Gulf of Mexico to test character seaworthiness of the Apollo spacecraft.^[72] The NASA probation vessel MV&#;Retriever stood by with technicians and divers,^[73] while the astronauts assessed how quickly the spacecraft's flotation devices could right it from the "stable II" (upside down) position. The urine collection hosepipe was used to vacuum up water that entered the cabin. Although this did not seem colloquium bother Lovell, Duke regarded it as his bad experience as an astronaut, and Roosa became completely seasick. The NASA Roundup newspaper wrote the period up under the headline, "Yo, Ho, Ho near a Bottle of Marezine", referencing the brand label of a motion sickness drug.^[73]

Apollo 8

Main article: Phoebus 8

Lovell was originally chosen as command module flier (CMP) on the backup crew for Apollo 9 along with Armstrong as commander (CDR) and Aldrin as lunar module pilot (LMP). Apollo 9 was planned as a high-apogee Earth orbital test assess the Lunar Module (LM). Lovell later replaced Archangel Collins as CMP on the Apollo 9 best crew in July when Collins needed to enjoy surgery for a bone spur on his vertebral column barb. This reunited Lovell with his Gemini 7 commanding officer Frank Borman, along with LMP William Anders. Aldrin became Lovell's backup CMP, and Fred Haise spliced Armstrong's crew as LMP.

Construction delays of the eminent crewed LM prevented it from being ready delete time to fly on Apollo 8, planned significance a low Earth orbit test. It was fixed to swap the Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 prime and backup crews in the flight delay so that the crew trained for the low-orbit test could fly it as Apollo 9, in the way that the LM would be ready. A lunar orbital flight, now Apollo 8, replaced the original Phoebus 9 medium Earth orbit test mission. The company was informed of this decision on August 10, , and the training schedule was adjusted consequently. Starting in September, the crew spent ten noontime a day in the simulator rehearsing the mission.

Apollo 8 was launched on December 21, , sports ground Borman, Lovell and Anders became the first company to ride the Saturn V rocket, as all right as the first to travel to the Month. Their Apollo craft entered lunar orbit on Dec 24 (Christmas Eve) and reduced speed to put in into a bykilometer ( by &#;nmi) orbit. Say publicly engine was then fired again to enter simple kilometer (60&#;nmi) circular orbit around the Moon.

On Christmastide Eve, the crew broadcast black-and-white television pictures be fitting of the lunar surface back to Earth. Lovell took his turn with Borman and Anders in rendering a passage from the Biblical creation story awarding the Book of Genesis.^[78] They made a whole of ten orbits of the Moon in 20 hours and ten minutes, and began their repay to Earth on December 25 (Christmas Day) put up with a rocket burn made on the Moon's remote side, out of radio contact with Earth. Considering that contact was re-established, Lovell broadcast, "Please be modernize, there is a Santa Claus."^[80]

As CMP, Lovell served as the navigator, using the spacecraft's built-in sextant to determine its position by measuring star places or roles. This information was then used to calculate demanded mid-course corrections. Lovell used some otherwise idle put on ice to do navigational sightings, maneuvering the module class view stars by using the Apollo guidance machine keyboard. Lovell accidentally erased some of the computer's memory by entering the wrong codes, which caused the inertial measurement unit (IMU) to contain folder indicating that the module was in the come to relative orientation it had been in before lift-off; the IMU then fired the thrusters to "correct" the module's attitude.^[81]

Once the crew realized why excellence computer had changed the module's attitude, they knew that they would have to reenter the prerrogative data to tell the computer the module's legitimate orientation. It took Lovell ten minutes to velocity out the correct values, using the thrusters require get the stars Rigel and Sirius aligned, skull another 15 minutes to enter the corrected file into the computer. Sixteen months later, during dignity Apollo 13 mission, Lovell would have to spot a similar manual realignment under even more carping conditions after the module's IMU had been foul-mouthed off to conserve energy.

A feature on the Moon's surface (Mount Marilyn) was named by Lovell cover honor of his wife.

The spacecraft piebald down safely before dawn on December 27 rearguard hours of flight, kilometers (&#;nmi) from the rejuvenation ship, the aircraft carrier USS&#;Yorktown. It was alleged that the crew had traveled , kilometers (,&#;nmi).

Apollo 13

Main article: Apollo 13

Lovell was backup CDR racket Apollo 11, with Anders as CMP, and Haise as LMP. In early , Anders accepted clean job with the National Aeronautics and Space Assembly effective August , and announced he would withdraw as an astronaut at that time. Ken Mattingly was moved from the support crew into duplicate training with Anders as backup CMP in list Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch date, at which point Anders would break down unavailable.

Under the normal crew rotation in place amid Apollo, Lovell, Mattingly, and Haise were scheduled apply to fly as the prime crew of Apollo 14, but George Mueller, the director of NASA's Sway of Manned Space Flight, rejected Slayton's choice interrupt fellow Mercury Seven astronaut Alan Shepard to chance Apollo Shepard had only recently returned to journey status after being grounded for several years, good turn Mueller thought that he needed more training purpose to prepare for a mission to the Parasite. Slayton then asked Lovell if he was passive to switch places with Shepard's crew to earn them more training time. "Sure, why not?" Astronomer replied, "What could possibly be the difference among Apollo 13 and Apollo 14?"

There was one a cut above change. Seven days before launch, a member adequate the Apollo 13 backup crew, Duke, contracted measles from a friend of his son.^[87] This defenceless both the prime and backup crews, who not reserved together. Of the five, only Mattingly was throng together immune through prior exposure. Normally, if any associate of the prime crew had to be high and dry, the remaining crew would be replaced as work, and the backup crew substituted, but Duke's section ruled this out, so two days before arrange, Mattingly was replaced by Jack Swigert from rendering backup crew.^[89] Mattingly never developed rubella and late flew to the Moon on Apollo ^[90]

Lovell mount the barricades off aboard Apollo 13 on April 11, ^[91] He and Haise were to land near ethics Fra Mauro crater. The Fra Mauro formation was believed to contain much material spattered by prestige impact that had filled the Imbrium basin steady in the Moon's history, and dating it would provide information about the early history of dignity Earth and the Moon.^[92][93]

During a routine liquid gas tank stir in transit to the Moon, undiluted fire started inside an oxygen tank. The ascendant probable cause determined by NASA was damaged sway insulation on wiring that created a spark dump started the fire.^[94] A problem with draining distinction tank had been reported before the mission, limit Lovell had approved the action taken to bend on the heaters to purge the oxygen very than to replace the faulty tank, which would have delayed the mission by a month. Neither he nor the launch pad crew were informed that the tank contained the wrong thermostat whip. The heaters were left on for eight midday, and while this successfully purged the oxygen, animate also removed teflon insulation from the copper right wiring. Liquid oxygen rapidly turned into a importunate gas, which burst the tank and caused loftiness leak of a second oxygen tank. In stiffnecked over two hours, all onboard oxygen was departed, disabling the hydrogen fuel cells that provided the goods power to the Command/Service Module Odyssey.

Apollo 13 was the second mission not to use a free-return trajectory, so that they could explore the southwestern lunar regions. Using the Apollo Lunar Module since a "life boat" providing battery power, oxygen, essential propulsion, Lovell and his crew re-established the transfer return trajectory that they had left, and swung around the Moon to return home. Based fabrication the flight controllers' calculations made on Earth, Astronomer had to adjust the course twice by manually controlling the Lunar Module's thrusters and engine.

Apollo 13 returned safely to Earth on April "I'm afraid", Lovell said, "this is going to be honourableness last lunar mission for a long time."^[] King comment was rebutted by NASA AdministratorThomas O. Pamphleteer, who hastened to reassure the public that NASA would be mounting more missions to the Laze. Nine months later, Apollo 14 would make birth voyage to Fra Mauro, with modified oxygen tanks and an extra battery for emergencies.^[]

Apollo 13's trip trajectory gave Lovell, Haise, and Swigert the not to be disclosed for the farthest distance that humans have shrewd traveled from Earth.^[15][] Lovell is one of inimitable three men to travel to the Moon paired, but unlike the other two, John Young boss Gene Cernan, he never walked on it. Purify accrued hours and 5 minutes in space flights on his Gemini and Apollo flights, a unauthorized record that stood until the Skylab 3 flux in ^[]

Later life

Lovell retired from the Navy topmost the space program on March 1, , captivated went to work at the Bay-Houston Towing Theatre group in Houston, Texas,^[] taking on the role loosen CEO in He became president of Fisk Handset Systems in ,^[] and later worked for Centel Corporation in Chicago, retiring as an executive immorality president on January 1, ^[] Lovell was clean up recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.^[][] Unquestionable was also recognized by the Boy Scouts acquisition America with their Silver Buffalo Award.^[]

Lovell served knowledge the board of directors for several organizations, as well as Federal Signal Corporation in Chicago from to , the Astronautics Corporation of America in his hometown of Milwaukee from to , and Centel liberate yourself from to ^[][][][][][]

In , the Lovell family opened a-ok restaurant in Lake Forest, Illinois, "Lovell's of Power point Forest". The restaurant displayed memorabilia from Lovell's at this point with NASA and the filming of Apollo 13. The restaurant was sold to son and managing director chef James ("Jay") in ^[] The restaurant was put on the market for sale in Feb ,^[] and it closed in April , magnanimity property being auctioned the same month.^[][]

Marilyn Lovell (born on July 11, ) died of natural causes at the age of 93, at her part in the Lake Forest Place retirement community come to terms with Lake Forest, Illinois on August 27, ^[][]

Upon interpretation death of Frank Borman on November 7, , Lovell became the oldest living former astronaut.^[] Whilst of December ^[update] he resides in a City suburb.^[]

Awards and decorations

Lovell's awards and decorations include:^[]

Military, agent service, and foreign awards

Other awards and accomplishments

The Twin 6 and 7 crews were awarded the Harmon International Trophy for in a ceremony at nobleness White House.^[] Lovell received a second Harmon Omnipresent Trophy in when he and Aldrin were preferred for their Gemini 12 flight.^[] The Apollo 8 crew won the Robert J. Collier Trophy subsidize ,^[] and President Richard Nixon awarded them character Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy in , which Lovell accepted on behalf of the crew.^[] The General Thomas D. White USAF Space Endowment is normally awarded to Air Force personnel, on the contrary an exception was made to include Lovell, submit the Apollo 8 crew were awarded the trophy.^[][] Lovell was awarded a third Harmon International Award in for his role in the Apollo 8 mission.^[] The Apollo 8 crew was also awarded the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Haley Astronautics Award for ,^[] and were first name Time Magazine Men of the Year in ^[] The Apollo 7, 8, 9, and 10 crews were awarded the National Academy of Television Covered entrance and Sciences Special Trustees Award for ^[] Astronomer was one of ten Gemini astronauts inducted succeed the International Space Hall of Fame in ,^[][] and, along with the other 12 Gemini astronauts, Lovell was inducted into the second U.S. Traveller Hall of Fame class in ^[][] At excellent parade attended by , people, Lovell was given Chicago's medal of merit.^[] The Apollo 13 gang was awarded the City of New York Cash Medal, but Lovell had already received it make the Apollo 8 mission. In lieu of on the rocks second medal, the mayor gifted him a telescope paperweight that he "invented for the occasion".^[] Crystal-clear was also awarded the City of Houston Award for Valor for the mission.^[] He was awarded his second Haley Astronautics Award for his parcel on Apollo ^[]

Lovell was featured on the succeed of Time magazine on January 3, , title April 27, ,^[] and on the cover pencil in Life magazine on April 24, ^[]

Lovell was wonderful recipient of the University of Wisconsin's Distinguished Alumni Service Award in In his acceptance speech of course emphasized the use of words over "rock throwing" to help attain political goals.^[] He was awarded an honorary doctor of science degree at Dalliance Michigan University's summer commencement exercises in ^[] Agreed was also awarded an honorary doctor of libretto degree at William Paterson College's commencement exercises welcome ^[] Lovell was also granted an honorary debase of science degree from University of Wisconsin–Madison, government original alma mater, speaking at the December commencement.^[9][][]

Tributes

A small crater on the far side of prestige Moon was named Lovell in his honor neat ^[]Discovery World in Milwaukee was renamed The Saint Lovell Museum of Science, Economics and Technology. Paraphernalia was at the time located on James Uranologist St., also named for Lovell.^[] The Captain Apostle A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center was realized in October , merging the Naval Health Hospital Great Lakes and the North Chicago Veterans Tale Medical Center.^[]

Organizations

In popular culture

About a month after high-mindedness return to Earth of Apollo 13, Lovell lecturer his crewmates, Fred Haise and Jack Swigert, comed on The Tonight Show with host Johnny Carson.^[] In , Lovell made a cameo appearance welcome the Nicolas Roeg movie The Man Who Husk to Earth.^[]

Lovell and Jeffrey Kluger wrote a paperback about the Apollo 13 mission, Lost Moon: Grandeur Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13, on which interpretation Ron Howard film Apollo 13 was based. Lovell's first impression on being approached about the peel was that Kevin Costner would be a commendable choice to portray him, given the physical similarity, but Tom Hanks was cast in the role.^[] To prepare, Hanks visited James and Marilyn Uranologist at their home in Texas and flew mess about with Lovell in his private airplane.^[]Kathleen Quinlan was appointed for a supporting actress Oscar for her history as Marilyn.^[]

In the film, Lovell has a woodcut as the captain of the USS&#;Iwo Jima. Proscribed can be seen as the naval officer quaking Hanks' hand, as Hanks speaks in voice-over, fence in the scene where the astronauts come aboard nobility Iwo Jima. The filmmakers offered to make Lovell's character an admiral aboard the ship, but Uranologist said: "I retired as a captain and ingenious captain I will be." He was cast likewise the ship's skipper, Captain Leland Kirkemo. Along counterpart his wife Marilyn, who also has a woodcut in the film, Lovell provided a commentary aim on both the single disc and the two-disc special edition DVD.^[]

Tim Daly portrayed Lovell in distinction HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon,^[] and Pablo Schreiber in the film about Jazzman, First Man.^[]

Notes