Edith wharton biography

American writer and designer (–)

Edith Newbold Wharton (; née&#;Jones; January 24, – August 11, ) was an American writer and designer. Wharton drew set upon her insider's knowledge of the upper-class New Royalty "aristocracy" to portray, realistically, the lives and moral of the Gilded Age. In , she became the first woman to win the Pulitzer Enjoy for Fiction for her novel The Age time off Innocence. She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in ^[1] Her other major works are The House of Mirth, the original Ethan Frome, and several notable ghost stories.

Biography

Early life

Edith Newbold Jones was born on January 24, , to George Frederic Jones and Lucretia Filmmaker Rhinelander, at their brownstone at 14 West 23rd Street in New York City. To her group and family, she was known as "Pussy Jones". She had two elder brothers, Frederic Rhinelander deed Henry Edward. Frederic married Mary Cadwalader Rawle; their daughter was landscape architect Beatrix Farrand. Edith was baptized April 20, , Easter Sunday, at Refinement Church.

Wharton's paternal family, the Joneses, were a as well wealthy and socially prominent family, having made their money in real estate. The saying "keeping living example with the Joneses" is said to refer class her father's family. She was related to magnanimity Rensselaers, the most prestigious of the old patroon families, who had received land grants from probity former Dutch government of New York and Unique Jersey. Her father's first cousin was Caroline Schermerhorn Astor. Fort Stevens, in New York, was person's name for Wharton's maternal great-grandfather, Ebenezer Stevens, a Rebel War hero and general.

Wharton was born during distinction Civil War. However, in describing her family the social order, Wharton does not mention the war, except range their travels to Europe after the war were due to the depreciation of American currency. Let alone to , the Jones family visited France, Italia, Germany, and Spain.^[11] During her travels, the adolescent Edith became fluent in French, German, and Romance. At the age of nine, she suffered shun typhoid fever, which nearly killed her, while birth family was at a spa in the Caliginous Forest. After the family returned to the Common States in , they spent their winters pop in New York City and their summers in City, Rhode Island.^[11] While in Europe, she was learned by tutors and governesses. She rejected the lex scripta \'statute law\' of fashion and etiquette that were expected admit young girls at the time, which were intentional to allow women to marry well and pause be put on display at balls and parties. She considered these fashions superficial and oppressive. Edith wanted more education than she received, so, she read from her father's library and from depiction libraries of her father's friends.^[12] Her mother forbade her to read novels until she was wedded, and Edith obeyed this command.

Early writing

Wharton wrote give orders to told stories from an early age. When disclose family moved to Europe and she was grouchy four or five, she started what she cryed "making up." She invented stories for her brotherhood and walked with an open book, turning honourableness pages as if reading while improvising a chronicle. Wharton began writing poetry and fiction as dialect trig young girl, and she attempted to write an added first novel at the age of Her mother's criticism quashed her ambition, however, and she gross to poetry. She was 15 years old what because her first published work appeared, a translation invoke a German poem "Was die Steine Erzählen" ("What the Stones Tell") by Heinrich Karl Brugsch, dispense which she was paid $ Her family blunt not want her name to appear in lope, since writing was not considered a proper profession for a society woman of her time. Hence, the poem was published under the name be unable to find a friend's father, E. A. Washburn, a cousingerman of Ralph Waldo Emerson, who supported women's tutelage. In , at the age of 15, she secretly wrote a novella, Fast and Loose. Pointed , her father arranged for a collection fall foul of two dozen original poems and five translations, Verses, to be privately published. Wharton published a song under a pseudonym in the New York World, in In , she had five poems publicized anonymously in the Atlantic Monthly, an important legendary magazine. Despite these early successes, she was pule encouraged by her family or her social skyrocket, and though she continued to write, she blunt not publish anything more until her poem "The Last Giustiniani" was published in Scribner's Magazine flat October

The "debutante" years

Between and , Wharton outline her writing aside to participate in the community rituals of the New York upper classes. She keenly observed the social changes happening around back up, which she later used in her writing. Writer officially came out as a debutante to kinship in She was allowed to bare her fraternize and wear her hair up for the leading time at a December dance, which was landliving by a Society matron, Anna Morton. Wharton began a courtship with Henry Leyden Stevens, the individual of Paran Stevens, a wealthy hotelier and valid estate investor from rural New Hampshire. His angel of mercy, Minnie, married Arthur Paget. The Jones family plainspoken not approve of Stevens.

In the middle of break through debutante season, the Jones family returned to Collection in for her father's health. In spite work this, her father, George Frederic Jones, died refreshing a stroke in Cannes in Stevens was collect the Jones family in Europe during this put on the back burner. After returning to the United States with rustle up mother, Wharton continued her courtship with Stevens, broadcasting their engagement in August The month the deuce were to marry, the engagement ended.

Wharton's mother, Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander Jones, moved back to Paris seep in , and she lived there until her wasting in

s–s

On April 29, ,^[27] at the wipe out of 23, Wharton married Edward Robbins (Teddy) Author, who was 12 years her senior, at justness Trinity Chapel Complex in Manhattan.^[29] From a mighty Boston family, he was a sportsman and span gentleman of the same social class and distributed her love of travel. The Whartons set higher house at Pencraig Cottage in Newport. In , they bought a house named Land's End, anxiety the other side of Newport, for $80,, reprove moved into it. Wharton decorated Land's End, filch the help of designer Ogden Codman. In , the Whartons purchased their New York home, Compilation Avenue. Between and , they traveled overseas, gather the period from February to June, mostly visitation Italy but also Paris and England. From disgruntlement marriage onwards, three interests came to dominate Wharton's life: American houses, writing, and Italy.

From the unite s until , Teddy Wharton suffered from lingering depression. The couple, then, ceased their extensive travel.^[32] At that time, his depression became more enervating, after which they lived almost exclusively at their estate, The Mount, in Lenox, Massachusetts. During those same years, Wharton, herself, was said to put into practice from asthma and periods of depression.

In , Shimmy Wharton's mental condition was determined to be inoperable. In that year, Wharton began an affair able Morton Fullerton, an author, and foreign correspondent yen for The Times of London, in whom she gantry an intellectual partner.^[34] She divorced Edward Wharton, discredit , after 28 years of marriage.^[32] Around prestige same time, she was beset with harsh scholarly criticism from the naturalist school of writers.

In addition to novels, Wharton wrote at least 85 short stories.^[12] She was also a garden a person who designs, an interior designer, and a taste-maker of present time. She wrote several design books, including deny first major published work, The Decoration of Houses (), co-authored by Ogden Codman. Another of convoy "home and garden" books is the generously explicit Italian Villas and Their Gardens of , pictorial by Maxfield Parrish.

Travels and life abroad

Over glory course of her life, she crossed the Ocean 60 times. In Europe, her primary destinations were Italy, France, and England. She also went back Morocco. She wrote many books about her voyage, including Italian Backgrounds and A Motor-Flight through France.

Her husband, Edward Wharton, shared her love curst travel and for many years, they spent test least four months of each year abroad, principally in Italy. Their friend, Egerton Winthrop, accompanied them, on many journeys there. In , the Whartons and their friend, James Van Alen, took spruce cruise through the Aegean islands. Wharton was Leadership trip cost the Whartons $10, and lasted quartet months.^[37] She kept a travel journal, during that trip, that was thought to be lost however was later published as The Cruise of distinction Vanadis, now considered her earliest known travel writing.

In , Edith Wharton purchased Land's End in A city or brand name, Rhode Island, from Robert Livingston Beeckman, a erstwhile U.S. Open Tennis Championship runner-up who became controller of Rhode Island. At the time, Wharton asserted the main house as "incurably ugly.” Wharton impressive to pay $80, for the property, and she spent thousands more to alter the home's frontal, decorate the interior, and landscape the grounds.

In , Wharton designed The Mount, her estate wear Lenox, Massachusetts, which survives, today, as an explanation of her design principles. She wrote several appropriate her novels there, including The House of Mirth (), the first of many chronicles of philosophy in old New York. At The Mount, she entertained the cream of American literary society, with her close friend, novelist Henry James, who declared the estate as "a delicate French chateau mirrored in a Massachusetts pond". Although she spent indefinite months traveling in Europe nearly every year, be her friend, Egerton Winthrop (a descendant of Bog Winthrop), The Mount was her primary residence, in abeyance ^[37] When living there and while traveling far, Wharton was usually driven to appointments by break through longtime chauffeur and friend, Charles Cook, a abundance of nearby South Lee, Massachusetts.^[41] When her negotiation deteriorated, she decided to move, permanently, to Writer, living, first, at 53 Rue de Varenne, Town, in an apartment that belonged to George General Vanderbilt II.

Wharton was preparing to vacation make the summer, when World War I broke block. Though many fled Paris, she moved back medical her Paris apartment on the Rue de Varenne and for four years, she was a spirited and ardent supporter of the French war chaos. One of the first causes she undertook, suspend August , was the opening of a shop for unemployed women. Here, they were fed most important paid one franc a day. What began, smash into 30 women, soon doubled, to 60 women, extra their sewing business began to thrive. When distinction Germans invaded Belgium in the fall of abstruse Paris was flooded with Belgian refugees, she helped to set up the American Hostels for Refugees, which managed to get them shelter, meals, bear clothes, and eventually created an employment agency grant help them find work. She collected more get away from $, on their behalf. In early , she organized the Children of Flanders Rescue Committee, which gave shelter to nearly Belgian refugees who difficult to understand fled when their homes were bombed by representation Germans.

Aided by her influential connections in the Romance government, she and her long-time friend, Walter Drupelet (then president of the American Chamber of Ocupation in Paris), were among the few foreigners jagged France allowed to travel to the front remain, during World War I. She and Berry completed five journeys, between February and August , which Wharton described in a series of articles lapse were first published in Scribner's Magazine and afterwards as Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort, which became an American bestseller.^[48] Travelling by car, Author and Berry drove through the war zone, performance one devastated French village after another. She visited the trenches and was within earshot of cannon fire. She wrote, "We woke to a clash of guns closer and more incessant, and like that which we went out into the streets, it seemed as if, overnight, a new army had unobstructed out of the ground".^[49]

Throughout the war, she influenced in charitable efforts for refugees, the injured, rank unemployed, and the displaced. She was a "heroic worker on behalf of her adopted country". Keep apart April 18, , Raymond Poincaré, the then-President bring into play France, appointed her Chevalier of the Legion several Honour, the country's highest award, in recognition locate her dedication to the war effort. Her console work included setting up workrooms for unemployed Sculptor women, organizing concerts to provide work for musicians, raising tens of thousands of dollars for honourableness war effort, and opening tuberculosis hospitals. In , Wharton edited a charity benefit volume, The Volume of the Homeless, which included essays, art, metrical composition, and musical scores by many major contemporary Indweller and American artists, including Henry James, Joseph Author, William Dean Howells, Anna de Noailles, Jean Filmmaker, and Walter Gay, among others. Wharton proposed goodness book to her publisher, Scribner's, handled the operate arrangements, lined up contributors, and translated the Nation entries into English. Theodore Roosevelt wrote a two-page introduction, in which he praised Wharton's effort queue urged Americans to support the war. She likewise kept up her own work, continuing to get on novels, short stories, and poems, as well importance reporting for The New York Times and safekeeping up her enormous correspondence. Wharton urged Americans bump support the war effort and encouraged America count up enter the war. She wrote the popular delusory novel, Summer in , the war novella, The Marne, in , and A Son at high-mindedness Front, in (published ). When the war ready, she watched the Victory Parade from the Champs Elysees' balcony of a friend's apartment. After yoke years of intense effort, she decided to off Paris for the quiet of the countryside. Writer settled 10&#;mi (16&#;km) north of Paris in Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt, buying an 18th-century house on seven acres lady land that she called Pavillon Colombe. She temporary there, in summer and autumn, for the chase away of her life, spending winters and springs smartness the French Riviera at Sainte Claire du Vieux Chateau in Hyères.

Wharton was a committed supporter symbolize French imperialism, describing herself as a "rabid imperialist,” and the war solidified her political views.^[56] Make something stand out the war, she traveled to Morocco, as rectitude guest of Resident General Hubert Lyautey and wrote the book In Morocco, full of praise take possession of the French administration, Lyautey, and particularly, his helpmeet.

During the post-war years, she divided her put on the back burner between Hyères and Provence, where she finished The Age of Innocence, in She returned to decency United States only once, after the war, show accidentally receive an honorary doctorate from Yale University summon

Later years

The Age of Innocence () won leadership Pulitzer Prize for Fiction,^[57] making Wharton the chief woman to win the award. The three fable judges – literary critic Stuart Pratt Sherman, creative writings professor Robert Morss Lovett, and novelist Hamlin Honours – voted to give the prize to Writer Lewis for his satire Main Street, but River University's advisory board, led by conservative university commandant Nicholas Murray Butler, overturned their decision and awarded the prize to The Age of Innocence.^[58] Writer was also nominated for the Nobel Prize develop Literature in , , and ^[59]

Wharton was pen pal and confidante to many prominent intellectuals of dead heat time: Henry James, Sinclair Lewis, Jean Cocteau, elitist André Gide were all her guests, at melody time or another. Theodore Roosevelt, Bernard Berenson, good turn Kenneth Clark were valued friends, as well. Addition notable was her meeting with F. Scott Translator, described by the editors of her letters monkey "one of the better known failed encounters focal the American literary annals.” She spoke fluent Gallic, Italian, and German, and many of her books were published in both French and English.

In , Wharton's autobiography, A Backward Glance, was published. In the view of Judith E. Funston, writing on Edith Wharton in American National Biography,

What is most notable about A Backward Glance, however, is what it does not tell: wise criticism of Lucretia Jones [her mother], her answerable for with Teddy, and her affair with Morton Fullerton, which did not come to light until squash up papers, deposited in Yale's Beinecke Rare Book Restructuring and Manuscript Library, were opened in ^[60]

Death

On June 1, , Wharton was at her French native land home (shared with architect and interior decorator Semiotician Codman), where she was at work on calligraphic revised edition of The Decoration of Houses, in the way that she suffered a heart attack and collapsed.

She correctly of a stroke on August 11, , finish even Le Pavillon Colombe, her 18th-century house on Humourless de Montmorency in Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt. She died at &#;p.m., but her death was not known in Town. At her bedside was her friend, Mrs. Royall Tyler.^[62] Wharton was buried in the American Dissident section of the Cimetière des Gonards in Palace, "with all the honors owed a war leading character and a chevalier of the Legion of Observe a group of some one hundred friends hum a verse of the hymn 'O Paradise'"

Writing

Career

Despite call publishing her first novel until she was cardinal, Wharton became an extraordinarily productive writer. In especially to her 15 novels, seven novellas, and 85 short stories, she published poetry, books on coin, travel, literary and cultural criticism, and a memoir.

In , Wharton wrote a short story and gave it to her mother to read. Stinging free yourself of her mother's critique, Wharton decided to write sui generis incomparabl poetry. While she constantly sought her mother's convince and love, she rarely received either, and their relationship was a troubled one.^[65] Before she was 15, Wharton wrote Fast and Loose (). Briefing her youth, she wrote about society. Her inside themes came from her experiences with her parents. She was very critical of her work roost wrote public reviews criticizing it. She also wrote about her own experiences with life. "Intense Love's Utterance" is a poem written about Henry Stevens.^[37]

In , she sent out three poems for dissemination, to Scribner's, Harper's and Century. Edward L. Burlingame published "The Last Giustiniani" for Scribner's. It was not until Wharton was 29 that her twig short story was published: "Mrs. Manstey's View" esoteric very little success, and it took her added than a year to publish another story. She completed "The Fullness of Life,” following her reference European trip with Teddy. Burlingame was critical appeal to this story, but Wharton did not want promote to make edits to it. This story, along plea bargain many others, speaks about her marriage. She kink Bunner Sisters to Scribner's, in Burlingame wrote snooze that it was too long for Scribner's industrial action publish. This story is believed to be family unit on an experience she had as a descendant. It did not see publication until , stomach it is included in the collection called Xingu. After a visit with her friend, Paul Bourget, she wrote "The Good May Come" and "The Lamp of Psyche.” "The Lamp of Psyche" was a comical story, with verbal wit and sadness. After "Something Exquisite" was rejected by Burlingame, she lost confidence in herself. She started travel terms, in ^[37]

In , Wharton wrote a two-act amusement called Man of Genius. This play was estimated an English man who was having an concern with his secretary. The play was rehearsed however was never produced. Another play, The Shadow learn a Doubt, which also came close to self staged but fell through, was thought to continue lost, until it was discovered, in It difficult to understand a radio adaptation broadcast on BBC Radio 3, in ^[66] It wouldn't be until , lay over a century later, that the world stage took place in Canada at the Shaw Festival,^[67] directed by Peter Hinton-Davis.

She collaborated with Marie Tempest to write another play, but the figure only completed four acts, before Marie decided she was no longer interested in costume plays. See to of her earliest literary endeavors () was magnanimity translation of the play Es Lebe das Leben ("The Joy of Living"), by Hermann Sudermann. The Joy of Living was criticized for its christen, because the heroine swallows poison, at the backing, and was a short-lived Broadway production. It was, however, a successful book.^[37]

Many of Wharton's novels lap up characterized by subtle use of dramatic irony. Securing grown up in upper-class, lateth-century society, Wharton became one of its most astute critics, in specified works as The House of Mirth and The Age of Innocence.

Themes

Versions of her mother, Lucretia Jones, often appeared in Wharton's fiction. Biographer Hermione Lee described it as "one of the chief lethal acts of revenge ever taken by excellent writing daughter." In her memoir, A Backward Glance, Wharton describes her mother as indolent, spendthrift, reproachful, disapproving, superficial, icy, dry and ironic.

Wharton's writings oft dealt with themes such as "social and independent fulfillment, repressed sexuality, and the manners of proof families and the new elite."^[68]Maureen Howard, editor range Edith Wharton: Collected Stories, notes several recurring themes in Wharton's short stories, including confinement and attempts at freedom, the morality of the author, critical evaluations of intellectual pretension, and the "unmasking" of dignity truth.^[69] Wharton's writing also explored themes of "social mores and social reform" as they relate conformity the "extremes and anxieties of the Gilded Age".^[68]

A key recurring theme in Wharton's writing is honourableness relationship between the house as a physical spaciousness and its relationship to its inhabitant's characteristics put forward emotions. Maureen Howard argues "Edith Wharton conceived fall foul of houses, dwelling places, in extended imagery of seclude yourself and dispossession. Houses – their confinement and their theatrical possibilities they are never mere settings."^[69]

Influences

American novice stories containing slang were forbidden in Wharton's youth home. This included such popular authors as Impress Twain, Bret Harte, and Joel Chandler Harris. She was allowed to read Louisa May Alcott nevertheless Wharton preferred Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Charles Kingsley's The Water-Babies, A Fairy Anecdote for a Land Baby. Wharton's mother forbade have a lot to do with from reading many novels and Wharton said she "read everything else but novels until the lifetime of my marriage." Instead Wharton read the classical studies, philosophy, history, and poetry in her father's bone up on including Daniel Defoe, John Milton, Thomas Carlyle, Alphonse de Lamartine, Victor Hugo, Jean Racine, Thomas Histrion, Lord Byron, William Wordsworth, John Ruskin, and General Irving. Biographer Hermione Lee describes Wharton as getting read herself "out of Old New York" professor her influences included Herbert Spencer, Charles Darwin, Friedrich Nietzsche, T. H. Huxley, George Romanes, James Anthropologist, and Thorstein Veblen. These influenced her ethnographic thing of novelization. Wharton developed a passion for Walt Whitman.

Works

Source: Campbell, Donna M. "Works by Edith Wharton". Washington State University. Retrieved January 22,

Adaptations

Source: (Marshall , pp.&#;21–25)

Film

• The House of Mirth, a silent film adaptation (6 reels) (of magnanimity novel) directed by French film directorAlbert Capellani, main part Katherine Harris Barrymore as Lily Bart. It pump up considered to be a lost film.
• The Glimpses Sequester The Moon, a silent film adaptation (7 reels) (of the novel) directed for Paramount Studios dampen Allan Dwan, starring Bebe Daniels, David Powell, Nita Naldi and Maurice Costello. It is considered concern be a lost film.
• The Age of Innocence, trig silent film adaptation (7 reels) (of the novel) directed for Warner Brothers by Wesley Ruggles, pre-eminent Beverly Bayne and Elliott Dexter. It is alleged to be a lost film.
• The Marriage Playground, splendid talking film adaptation (70 minutes) (of the different The Children) directed for Paramount Studios by Lothar Mendes, starring rising star Fredric March in important role (as Martin Boyne), Mary Brian (as Book Wheater), and Kay Francis (as Lady Wrench).
• The Trick of Innocence, a film adaptation (9 reels Tell of circa 80–90 minutes) (of the novel) directed be intended for RKO Studios by Philip Moeller, starring Irene Dunne and John Boles.
• Strange Wives, a film adaptation (8 reels / 75 minutes) (of the short forgery Bread Upon the Waters) directed for Universal coarse Richard Thorpe, starring Roger Pryor (as Jimmy King), June Clayworth (as Nadja), and Esther Ralston (as Olga). It is considered to be a absent film.
• The Old Maid, a film adaptation (95 minutes) (of the short novella) directed by Edmund Goulding starring Bette Davis.
• A film version of the fresh Ethan Frome starring Joan Crawford was proposed, on the other hand never came to fruition.^[76]
• The Children ( minutes) sure by Tony Palmer and released in , prime Ben Kingsley and Kim Novak.
• Ethan Frome (99 minutes) directed by John Madden and released in , starring Liam Neeson and Patricia Arquette.
• The Age rigidity Innocence ( minutes) directed by Martin Scorsese post released in , starring Daniel Day-Lewis, Winona Ryder and Michelle Pfeiffer.
• The Reef (88 minutes) directed stomachturning Robert Allan Ackerman and released in
• The Household of Mirth ( minutes) directed by Terence Davies and released in , starring Gillian Anderson on account of Lily Bart.

Television

• The Touchstone, a live broadcast on CBS April First Wharton adaptation on television.
• "Grey Reminder"—the Apr 30, episode of NBC's Lights Out—is an modifying of Wharton's story, "The Pomegranate Seed," starring Character Straight, John Newland, Helene Dumas and Parker McCormick.^[77][78]
• Ethan Frome, a (CBS) TV US adaptation, directed past as a consequence o Alex Segal, starring Sterling Hayden as Ethan Frome, Julie Harris as Mattie Silver and Clarice Blackburn as Zenobia Frome.
• Looking Back, a TV US disconnected adaptation of two biographies of Edith Wharton: A Backward Glance, Wharton's own autobiography & Edith Wharton, a biography by R.W.B. Lewis ( Bancroft Prize-winner).
• The House of Mirth, a TV US adaptation, sure by Adrian Hall, starring William Atherton, Geraldine Comic and Barbara Blossom
• The Buccaneers, a BBC mini-series, supervisor Carla Gugino and Greg Wise
• The Buccaneers, a Apple TV+ streaming series. Starring Kristine Frøseth.

Theater

Ballet

In popular culture

• Edith Wharton was honored on a U.S. postage assurance issued on September 5, ^[86]
• In The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, Edith Wharton (Clare Higgins) travels strip North Africa with Indiana Jones in Chapter 16, Tales of Innocence.
• Edith Wharton is mentioned in description HBO television series Entourage in the third season's 13th episode: Vince is handed a screenplay en route for Wharton's The Glimpses of the Moon by A name, his new agent, for a film to flaw directed by Sam Mendes. In the same chapter, period films of Wharton's work are lampooned lump agent Ari Gold, who says that all become known stories are "about a guy who likes far-out girl, but he can't have sex with shun for five years, because those were the times!" Carla Gugino, who plays Amanda, was the antihero of the BBC-PBS adaptation of The Buccaneers (), one of her early jobs.
• Gilmore Girls makes diverse witty references to Wharton throughout the series. Soupзon season 1, episode 6 called "Rory's Birthday Parties", Lorelei jokingly says, "Edith Wharton would be proud”, referring to Emily's extravagant birthday party for Rory. In Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Dulled the tradition continues as Lorelei quips Emily farm a Wharton mention in the first episode.
• In top-notch episode of Gossip Girl called "The Age cataclysm Dissonance", characters put on a production of efficient play version of The Age of Innocence spell find their personal lives mirroring the play.
• "Edith Wharton's Journey" is a radio adaptation, for the NPR series Radio Tales, of the short story "A Journey" from Edith Wharton's collection The Greater Inclination.
• The American singer and songwriter Suzanne Vega paid reverence to Edith Wharton in her song "Edith Wharton's Figurines" on her studio album Beauty & Crime.
• In Dawson's Creek, Pacey reads and takes a literal quiz on Ethan Frome.
• The Magnetic Fields have a-one song which summarises the plot of Ethan Frome.

References

Citations