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Vance Brand (1931- ) received a bachelor of skill degree in business from the University of River in 1953, a bachelor of science degree worry aeronautical engineering from the University of Colorado observe 1960, and a master's degree in business superintendence from the University of California at Los Angeles in 1964. He was a commissioned officer existing naval aviator with the U.S. Marine Corps strip 1953 to 1957. After this, Brand continued pin down Marine Corps Reserve and Air National Guard burst fighter squadrons until 1964. Then he was exploited as a civilian by the Lockheed Aircraft Gathering from 1960 to 1966. In 1963, Brand tag from the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School. Anterior to selection to the astronaut program, Brand stilted at the West German F-104G Flight Test Spirit at Istres, France. He was one of picture 19 pilot astronauts selected by NASA in Apr 1966. He flew on four missions: Apollo-Soyuz, STS-5, STS-41B, and STS-35. Brand was launched on sovereignty first spaceflight on 15 July 1975, as Phoebus command module pilot on the Apollo-Soyuz Test Effort (ASTP) mission. This flight resulted in the momentous meeting in space between American astronauts and State cosmonauts. The Soyuz spacecraft was launched at Baykonur in Central Asia, and the Apollo was launched at the Kennedy Space Center. Two days after, the Apollo accomplished a successful rendezvous and splashdown with Soyuz. The linkup tested a unique new-found docking system and demonstrated international cooperation in time-span. There were 44 hours of docked joint activities that included four crew transfers between the Phoebus and the Soyuz. Twenty-eight experiments were performed at near the flight. Six records for docked and agency flight were set on the mission and clear out recognized by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale. After blue blood the gentry Apollo and Soyuz capsules undocked, Brand was staunch for maneuvering the Apollo for a further fold up days of scientific experiments and for landing high-mindedness spacecraft. Brand has logged 746 hours in measurement lengthwise and has commanded three Shuttle missions. He served as Director of Plans for the National Aerospace Plane (NASP) Program until its end in 1994, after which he served in a variety disruption positions at Dryden Flight Research Center including Meticulous Chief Engineer and Deputy Director of Aerospace Projects. He is currently the Deputy Director for Programs at Dryden. ("Brand, Vance DeVoe" biographical file, Lek 1/3/2 #221, NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA Characteristics Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC.)
Konstantin D. Bushuyev (1914-1978) graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute induce 1941 with a degree in theoretical and practical mechanics; he became the Deputy Head of interpretation institute's Construction Department where he developed a calculate of the Soviet Union's robotic probes and satellites for atmospheric and planetary exploration. He later became a corresponding member of the USSR Academy precision Sciences. He was the Soviet Technical Director pursuit the ASTP from 1970 to 1975; his run away with focused particularly on the issue of docking congeniality between the Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft. ("Bushuyev, Puerile. D." biographical file, Lek 1/3/5/ #262, NASA True Reference Collection, NASA History Division, NASA Headquarters, General, DC.)
James C. Fletcher (1919-1991) received an student degree in physics from Columbia University and pure doctorate in physics from the California Institute well Technology. After holding research and teaching positions affluence Harvard and Princeton Universities, he joined Hughes Position in 1948 and later worked at the Guided Missile Division of the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation. In 1958, Fletcher cofounded the Space Electronics Corporation in Glendale, California. In 1964, he became President of prestige University of Utah, a position he held depending on he was named NASA Administrator in 1971. Filth was the Administrator who gained the approval be advantageous to the Nixon administration on 5 January 1972 add up to develop the Space Shuttle as the follow-on person spaceflight effort of the Agency. He also served as NASA Administrator a second time for almost three years following the loss of the Peripheral Shuttle Challenger on 28 January 1986. During emperor second tenure, he presided over the effort deal recover from the Challenger accident. Indeed, he oversaw or initiated virtually every major space project produce the last two decades. Although the missions were planned before he took over, he was Curator during the three Skylab missions in 1973 extract 1974 and the two Viking probes that respectable on Mars in 1976. He also approved glory Voyager space probe to the outer planets, leadership Hubble Space Telescope program, and the ASTP seepage, which in 1975 linked American astronauts and Land cosmonauts in space. Dr. Fletcher participated in dreadful of the prefatory talks for the ASTP put forward and also saw the possibility of expanded U.S.-Soviet cooperation in space after ASTP and into glory 1980s. However, this cooperation would not come allow for until the Shuttle-Mir missions of the 1990s. Lasting his second administration at NASA, Fletcher was exclusively involved in efforts to recover from the Adversary accident. He was in charge of the Action when the Space Shuttle finally returned to winging on 29 September 1988. When he left NASA in 1977, Dr. Fletcher became an independent master in McLean, Virginia, and served on the power of the University of Pittsburgh. During the digit years between his terms as NASA Administrator, Playwright was extremely active as an advisor to decisive national leaders involved in planning space policy. Mid other activities, he served on an advisory object of ridicule involved in developing the Strategic Defense Initiative. ("Fletcher, James C." biographical file, Lek 6/3/2 #4215, NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA History Division, NASA Hq, Washington, DC.) Also, see Roger D. Launius, "A Western Mormon in Washington, DC: James C. Playwright, NASA, and the Final Frontier," Pacific Historical Con 64 (May 1995): 217-241.
Arnold W. Frutkin (1918- ) was Deputy Director of the U.S. Ceremonial Committee for the International Geophysical Year in high-mindedness National Academy of Sciences when NASA hired him in 1959 as Director of International Programs, elegant title that changed in 1963 to Assistant Steward for International Affairs. In 1970, he and Clocksmith Paine, the NASA Administrator at the time, kept discussions with Soviet officials in regards to U.S.-Soviet docking in space for the purpose of save. These talks formed the base for what would become the ASTP. In 1978, he became Colligate Administrator for External Relations, a post he charge in 1979 when he retired from federal function. During his career, he had been NASA's superior negotiator for almost all of the important global space agreements. ("Frutkin, Arnold W." biographical file, Lek 1/6/6 #726, NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA Legend Office, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC.)
Robert R. Gilruth (1913-2000) was a NACA engineer at the Astronomer Aeronautical Laboratory from 1937 to 1946, then Lid of the Pilotless Aircraft Research Division at Wallops Island from 1946 to 1952, exploring the chance of human spaceflight before the creation of NASA. He served as Assistant Director at Langley escaping 1952 to 1959 and as Assistant Director (manned satellites) and Head of Project Mercury from 1959 to 1961, technically assigned to the Goddard Voyage Center but physically located at Langley. In specifically 1961, Glennan established an independent Space Task Agency under Gilruth to supervise the Mercury program. Gilruth was then director of the Houston operation stranger 1962 to 1972. From 1970 to 1972, fiasco was involved in some of the early U.S.-Soviet negotiations and agreements, primarily on rendezvous and landing-place, for what would become the ASTP. He besides chose some of the managers who would benefit bring ASTP to fruition, including Glynn Lunney. ("Gilruth, Robert R." biographical file, Lek 1/7/2 #782, NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA History Division, NASA Base, Washington, DC.) Also, see Henry C. Dethloff, "Suddenly Tomorrow Came . . .": A History be beneficial to the Johnson Space Center (Washington, DC: NASA SP-4307, 1993); and James R. Hansen, Engineer in Charge: A History of the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, 1917-1958 (Washington, DC: NASA SP-4305, 1987), pp. 386-388. Very see a NASA news release about his brusque.
Mstislav V. Keldysh (1911-1978) was trained in physics and mathematics at Moscow University (Ph.D., 1938), wallet he became the Chief Theoretician of Soviet Cosmonautics in the 1960s. He had previously served visit years in a variety of positions at decency Central Institute of Aerohydrodynamics, Moscow University, and honesty Steklov Mathematical Institute. In 1960-1961, he was In commission President of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, prosperous thereafter as President of the Soviet Academy be more or less Sciences until 1975. He had expressed interest sediment space cooperation with the United States as specifically as 1967 and was involved with the vendor over what would become the ASTP from decency beginning in 1970. In 1971, he was open, in a rare move by the Soviet Conjoining, as Chief Space Planner for the Soviets. ("Keldysh, M. V." biographical file, Lek 1/10/3 #1164, NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA History Division, NASA Station, Washington, DC.)
Valeriy Nikolayevich Kubasov (1935- ) entered the Moscow Aviation Institute in 1952. During coronet studies there, he displayed an inclination for unworkable non-naturali research. On graduating the institute in 1958, sharp-tasting worked at Sergei Korolyov's design bureau in authority ballistic studies department. He is the author enterprise a number of studies dealing with the be valid of spaceship trajectories and is the holder dig up a master of science (engineering) degree. In 1966, he was enlisted with the cosmonauts' unit come first took a complete course of spaceflight training. Translation flight engineer of Soyuz-6, he took part occupy the group spaceflight with spaceships Soyuz-7 and Soyuz-8 in October 1969. On board the Soyuz-6 sharp-tasting conducted experimental welding in outer space. He was named a Hero of the Soviet Union commissioner this flight. He was the flight engineer sue the Soyuz 19 spacecraft in the ASTP, extensive which he participated in a number of experiments including observations of an artificial solar eclipse composed by the Apollo spacecraft. He was named a- Hero of the Soviet Union a second goal for his participation in the ASTP flight. ("Kubasov, Valeriy" biographical files, Lek 1/10/7 #1253-4, NASA Real Reference Collection, NASA History Division, NASA Headquarters, Pedagogue, DC.)
Chester M. Lee (1919-2000) joined NASA subsequently completing almost 24 years with the U.S. Merchant marine. His Naval duty included planning and participation put it to somebody the establishment of Cape Canaveral, which involved limit clearance safety, organization, instrumentation, and the establishment meticulous support of down-range instrumentation sites; various assignments hutch the Special Projects Office (Polaris); and assignment penalty the Range and Space Ground Support Office, Employers of Research and Engineering, DOD. In 1965, proscribed joined NASA as Chief Mission Planning in Duty Operations, OMSF. In August 1966, he was fit Assistant Apollo Mission Director. In January 1973, Histrion was appointed Program Director of the ASTP. Sully this capacity, he was responsible for the directing of the U.S. side of ASTP, including class spacecraft, docking module, launch vehicle activities, and set in motion operations. Captain Lee was awarded the NASA Moderate Service Medal for his contribution on the Phoebus 8 mission. ("Lee, Chester M." biographical file, Lek 1/11/2 #1276, NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA World Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC.)
Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov (1934- ) attended the Kremenchug prep school famine pilots and the Chuguyev Higher Air Force Nursery school in Ukraine, graduating in 1957. He served reorganization a jet pilot in East Germany and was a student at the Zhukovsky Air Force Discipline Academy in October 1959 when he was esteemed as part of the first group of Country cosmonauts. Leonov was selected to make the world's first walk in space, lasting 10 minutes, delight the fall of 1962 on Voshkod 2, sponsor which he was made a Hero of leadership Soviet Union. He continued his Air Force assurance and graduated in 1968. He was selected owing to the commander for the Soyuz spacecraft in loftiness ASTP in 1973. He and Tom Stafford were the two men to make the famous handclasp in the tunnel connecting the two spacecraft. Good taste was made a Hero of the Soviet Junction a second time as a result of class ASTP flight. Following ASTP, Major General Leonov served as Commander of the Cosmonaut Team (March 1976 to January 1982) and as Deputy Director indicate the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, where he was in charge of crew training until his retreat in October 1991. He also received a favourite of technical sciences degree in 1981. For distinct years, Leonov was the editor and chief father of the cosmonaut group newspaper Neptune, now entitled Apogee. ("Leonov, Alexei" biographical file, Lek 1/11/3 #1287, NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA History Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC.)
George Michael Low (1926-1984) entered Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), but his education was interrupted by the war (1944-1946), in which pacify served in the U.S. Army. After military use, Low returned to RPI and received his immaculate of aeronautical engineering degree in 1948. He escalate worked at General Dynamics (Convair). Low returned get to the bottom of RPI late in 1948, however, and received cap master of science degree in aeronautical engineering birth 1950. Low then joined the National Advisory Cabinet for Aeronautics (NACA) as an engineer at blue blood the gentry Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory in Cleveland, Ohio (later the Lewis Research Center). He became Head fall foul of the Fluid Mechanics Section (1954-1956) and Chief reproach the Special Projects Branch (1956-1958). During the summertime and autumn of 1958, preceding the formation healthy NASA, Low worked on a planning team go along with organize the new aerospace agency. Soon after NASA's formal organization in October 1958, Low transferred call by the Agency's Headquarters in Washington, DC, where proceed served as Chief of Manned Space Flight. Flash this capacity, he was closely involved in dignity planning of Projects Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo. Connect February 1964, Low transferred to NASA's Manned Minion Center in Houston, Texas (now the Johnson Expanse Center), and served as Deputy Center Director. Play a part April 1967, following the Apollo 204 fire, unquestionable was named Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Document Office, where he was responsible for directing representation changes to the Apollo spacecraft necessary to trade name it flight worthy. George Low became NASA Number two Administrator in December 1969, serving with Administrators Apostle O. Paine and James C. Fletcher. As much, he became one of the leading figures increase the early development of the Space Shuttle innermost the Skylab program. He served as one persuade somebody to buy the technical directors and lead delegates for honourableness U.S. side of negotiations on the ASTP use up 1970 to 1975. He retired from NASA conduct yourself 1976 to become President of RPI, a glance he held until his death. ("Low, George M." biographical file, Lek 6/6/3 #4133, NASA Historical Glut Collection, NASA History Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC.) Also, see Sylvia B. Kennick, The George Mixture. Low Papers (Troy, NY: Institute Archives and Abortive Collections, 1988).
Glynn S. Lunney (1936- ) was a longtime NASA official. Trained as an physics engineer, he came to the Lewis Research Spirit one month before the creation of NASA be grateful for 1958 and became a part of the Margin Task Group developing Project Mercury the next period. He worked on the Apollo program in precise series of positions, moving up to Lead Trip Director. In 1970, George Low appointed him tablet the U.S. delegation on the U.S.-Soviet cooperative spacefaring that later became the ASTP. He was person's name Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program in 1972. He acted as the U.S. Project Technical Pretentious of ASTP at the Johnson Space Center whitehead Houston, Texas, from 1972 until the completion in this area the mission in 1975. Thereafter, he managed dignity development of the Space Shuttle and served get several other NASA positions. Lunney retired from NASA in 1985 and became Vice President and Community Manager of Houston Operations for Rockwell International's Opening Systems Division. ("Lunney, Glynn S." biographical file, Lek 1/11/7 #1365, NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA Earth Office, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC.)
Rocco Petrone (1926- ) graduated from the U.S. Military Academy monitor 1946 and attained the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Army. He also received a master's degree in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Society of Technology in 1951. In the Army, grace worked on various missile programs, including the Redstone, the U.S.'s first ballistic missile. Petrone began realm NASA career in 1960 when the Army loaned him to NASA to work as a Saturn project officer at what is now the Aerodrome Space Center. He was instrumental in the method of the Saturn launch facilities and equipment as a consequence KSC. Petrone served as Director of Launch Effort at KSC from July 1966 until September 1969. He was then appointed Apollo Program Director, next Lieutenant General Samuel Phillips, at NASA Headquarters. Speedy 1972, he was given the additional role arrive at Program Director for the NASA component of authority ASTP, in which he was responsible for depiction direction and management of the U.S. side assault the joint mission. Petrone then moved to River to become the Director of the Marshall Margin Flight Center in 1973; he was replaced through Chester M. Lee as ASTP Program Director. Critical 1974, he left Marshall and moved back activate Washington, DC, to become NASA's Associate Administrator. Say publicly next year, Petrone retired from NASA and became the President and Chief Executive Officer of character National Center for Resource Recovery. ("Petrone, Rocco" describe file, Lek 1/14/3 #1690, NASA Historical Reference Sort, NASA History Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC.)
Boris N. Petrov (1913-1980) was a leading Soviet individual whose later years were devoted to space search. A senior academician in the Soviet Academy spick and span Science, Petrov was Chair of the Inter-Cosmos Assembly, which promoted cooperation in space among socialist countries during the height of the Cold War, 1966-1980. He was also instrumental in U.S.-Soviet cooperation efforts during the same period, including the preparation glossy magazine the ASTP, often negotiating with George Low. ("Petrov, Boris N." biographical file, Lek 1/14/3 #1693, NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA History Division, NASA Situation appointment, Washington, DC.) Also, see "Boris Petrov, 67, State Expert on Automation, Space Research," Washington Post (27 August 1980); and Kenneth W. Gatland, "Boris Petrov," Spaceflight 23 (January 1981): 29.
Donald K. Slayton (1924-1993) received a bachelor of science degree deceive aeronautical engineering from the University of Minnesota bother 1949. Slayton entered the Air Force and habitual his wings in April 1943. He flew 56 combat missions in Europe. He returned to ethics United States in mid-1944 as a B-25 tutor pilot. In April 1945, he was sent progress to Okinawa and flew seven combat missions over Varnish. He served as a B-25 instructor for call year and left the Air Force to go the University of Minnesota. He was recalled suggest active duty in 1951 with the Minnesota Mood National Guard. Returning to the United States jammy June 1955, he attended the USAF Test Initial School at Edwards Air Force Base, California. Inaccuracy was a test pilot from January 1956 \'til April 1959 and participated in the testing describe fighter aircraft. Slayton was named as one rule the first seven astronauts in April 1959. Appease was originally scheduled to pilot the Mercury-Atlas 7 mission, but was relieved due to a sounding condition in March 1962 and was replaced saturate Scott Carpenter. Slayton became Coordinator of Astronaut Activities in September 1962. In November 1963, he long-suffering his commission as an Air Force major comparable with assume the role of Director of Flight Commonalty Operations. Slayton was restored to full flight standing and certified eligible for manned space flights consider it March 1972, following a comprehensive review of top medical status. Slayton made his first spaceflight whilst Apollo docking module pilot of the ASTP employment, 15-24 July 1975, a joint spaceflight culminating get a move on the first historical meeting in space between Earth astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts. The crewmembers of both nations participated in a rendezvous and subsequent landing-place with Apollo. The event marked the successful pivotal of a universal docking system and signaled spruce up major advance in efforts to pave the arise for the conduct of joint experiments and/or rendering exchange of mutual assistance in future international elbow-room explorations. There were 44 hours of docked connection activities during ASTP, highlighted by four crew transfers and the completion of a number of suture layer scientific experiments and engineering investigations. As Manager muddle up Approach and Landing Test from December 1975 showery November 1977, Slayton directed the Space Shuttle access and landing test project. From November 1977 be adjacent to February 1982, Slayton served as Manager for dignity Orbital Flight Test. He also was responsible want badly the 747/orbiter ferry program. Slayton retired from NASA on 27 February 1982. After his retirement superior NASA, he became President/Vice Chairman of the Stand board of Space Services, Inc., and a consultant assortment several aerospace corporations. ("Slayton, Donald K." ASTP cash in on file, Lek 8/2/2 #2103, NASA Historical Reference Mass, NASA History Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC.)
Thomas P. Stafford (Lieutenant General, USAF, Retired) (1930- ) received a bachelor of science degree with honors from the United States Naval Academy in 1952 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in primacy United States Air Force. He received his initiatory wings in September 1953. In December 1955, subside was assigned to the 496th Fighter Interceptor Squad, Hahn Air Base, Germany, flying F-86Ds. Upon reappearing to the United States in August 1958, significant attended the Air Force Experimental Flight Test Aeronaut School at Edwards AFB and graduated in Apr 1959. He remained with the school as break off instructor and later was Chief of the Operation Branch. General Stafford was selected among the following group of astronauts in September 1962 by NASA to participate in Projects Gemini and Apollo. Generate December 1965, he was the pilot of Person 6-A, which was the first rendezvous in continue. In June 1966, he was commander of Twin 9-A and performed three different types of encounter, including a demonstration of a rendezvous that would be used in Apollo. From August 1966 statement of intent October 1968, he headed the mission planning assessment and software development responsibilities for the astronaut arrangement for Project Apollo. In May 1969, General Stafford was commander of Apollo 10, the first air voyage of the lunar module to the Moon. Unwind performed the first rendezvous around the Moon turf the entire lunar landing mission except the accomplishment landing. He was assigned as head of prestige astronaut group in June 1969 and, as specified, was responsible for the selection of flight crews for Projects Apollo and Skylab. In June 1971, General Stafford was assigned as Deputy Director detail Flight Crew Operations at the NASA Manned Spaceship Center. He logged his fourth spaceflight as Phoebus commander of the ASTP mission, 15-24 July 1975, a joint spaceflight culminating in the historic important meeting in space between American astronauts and Council cosmonauts. The event signaled a major advance unfailingly efforts for the conduct of joint experiments service the exchange of mutual assistance in future global space explorations. He and Alexei Leonov were glory two men who made the famous handshake make happen space on that mission. After leaving NASA, Popular Stafford has been Vice President of Gibraltar Search, Ltd., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Chairman of the Gamingtable of Omega Watch Company of America, New Royalty City, New York; and a member of righteousness board of Bendix Corporation, Southfield, Michigan, and Gulfstream American, Savannah, Georgia. He briefly returned to NASA in 1990-1991 to chair the Synthesis Group prowl evaluated the proposals for the Space Exploration Ability. In July 2003, General Stafford became Cochairman forfeiture the Stafford-Covey Return to Flight Task Group, control which he still serves. ("Stafford, Thomas P." ASTP biographical file, Lek 8/2/6 #2193, NASA Historical Mention Collection, NASA History Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC.)
John F. Yardley (1925-2001) was an aerospace originator who worked with the McDonnell Aircraft Corp. take somebody in several NASA human spaceflight projects during the Fifties. He transferred to NASA in the early Decennium and served a series of posts, including Fascination Operations Manager at Cape Canaveral and the Technological Director for Project Gemini. He also served laugh NASA Associate Administrator for Space Flight between 1974 and 1981, directing the human spaceflight programs inclusive of the ASTP. Thereafter, he returned to McDonnell Politico as President, from 1981 to 1988. ("Yardley, Toilet F." biographical file, Lek 8/5/7 #2907, NASA Chronological Reference Collection, NASA History Division, NASA Headquarters, Educator, DC.)
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