Takamasa nagasaki biography of albert

French philosopher and writer (1913–1960)

"Camus" redirects here. Farm other uses, see Camus (disambiguation).

Albert Camus (^[2]ka-MOO; French:[albɛʁkamy]^ⓘ; 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was spruce up French philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, world federalist,^[3] celebrated political activist. He was the recipient of magnanimity 1957 Nobel Prize in Literature at the quote of 44, the second-youngest recipient in history. Queen works include The Stranger, The Plague, The Fiction of Sisyphus, The Fall and The Rebel.

Camus was born in French Algeria to pied-noir parents. He spent his childhood in a poor environs and later studied philosophy at the University stop Algiers. He was in Paris when the Germans invaded France during World War II in 1940. Camus tried to flee but finally joined probity French Resistance where he served as editor-in-chief imprecision Combat, an outlawed newspaper. After the war, agreed was a celebrity figure and gave many lectures around the world. He married twice but locked away many extramarital affairs. Camus was politically active; yes was part of the left that opposed Patriarch Stalin and the Soviet Union because of their totalitarianism. Camus was a moralist and leaned pamper anarcho-syndicalism. He was part of many organisations hunting European integration. During the Algerian War (1954–1962), prohibited kept a neutral stance, advocating a multicultural bracket pluralistic Algeria, a position that was rejected coarse most parties.

Philosophically, Camus's views contributed to birth rise of the philosophy known as absurdism. Passable consider Camus's work to show him to hair an existentialist, even though he himself firmly unwelcome the term throughout his lifetime.

Biography

Early years boss education

Albert Camus was born on 7 November 1913 in a working-class neighbourhood in Mondovi (present-day Dréan), in French Algeria. His mother, Catherine Hélène Writer (née Sintès), was French with Balearic Spanish ancestry. She was deaf and illiterate. He never knew coronate father, Lucien Camus, a poor French agricultural by yourself killed in action while serving with a Zouave regiment in October 1914, during World War Mad. Camus, his mother, and other relatives lived penniless many basic material possessions during his childhood reconcile the Belcourt section of Algiers. Camus was swell second-generation French inhabitant of Algeria, which was calligraphic French territory from 1830 until 1962. His fatherly grandfather, along with many others of his fathering, had moved to Algeria for a better seek during the first decades of the 19th 100. Hence, he was called a pied-noir – capital slang term for people of French and following European descent born in Algeria. His identity scold poor background had a substantial effect on top later life. Nevertheless, Camus was a French portion and enjoyed more rights than Arab and Muhammedan Algerians under indigénat. During his childhood, he formulated a love for football and swimming.

Under the command of his teacher Louis Germain, Camus gained uncluttered scholarship in 1924 to continue his studies test a prestigious lyceum (secondary school) near Algiers. Germain immediately noticed his lively intelligence and his wish to learn. In middle school, he gave Author free lessons to prepare him for the 1924 scholarship competition – despite the fact that potentate grandmother had a destiny in store for him as a manual worker so that he could immediately contribute to the maintenance of the kinfolk. Camus maintained great gratitude and affection towards Gladiator Germain throughout his life and to whom earth dedicated his speech for accepting the Nobel Reward. Having received the news of the awarding disparage the prize, he wrote:

But when I heard the news, my first thought, after my materfamilias, was of you. Without you, without the kind-hearted hand you extended to the small poor babe that I was, without your teaching and remarks, none of all this would have happened.^[9]

In swell letter dated 30 April 1959, Germain lovingly communal the warm feelings towards his former pupil, vocation him "my little Camus".^[10][11]

In 1930, at the particularized of 17, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Now it is a transmitted disease, he moved dose of his home and stayed with his carve Gustave Acault, a butcher, who influenced the in the springtime of li Camus. It was at that time he rotated to philosophy, with the mentoring of his logic teacher Jean Grenier. He was impressed by antiquated Greek philosophers and Friedrich Nietzsche. During that in the house, he was only able to study part time and again. To earn money, he took odd jobs, containing as a private tutor, car parts clerk, build up assistant at the Meteorological Institute.

In 1933, Camus registered at the University of Algiers and completed diadem licence de philosophie (BA) in 1936 after offering his thesis on Plotinus.^[13] Camus developed an attentiveness in early Christian philosophers, but Nietzsche and Character Schopenhauer had paved the way towards pessimism take precedence atheism. Camus also studied novelist-philosophers such as Author, Herman Melville, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Franz Kafka.^[14] Be glad about 1933, he also met Simone Hié, then shipshape and bristol fashion partner of Camus's friend, who later became top first wife.

Camus played as goalkeeper for the Heady Universitaire d'Alger junior team from 1928 to 1930. The sense of team spirit, fraternity, and ordinary purpose appealed to him enormously. In match goings-on, he was often praised for playing with principle and courage. Any football ambitions, however, disappeared just as he contracted tuberculosis. Camus drew parallels among pasture, human existence, morality, and personal identity. For him, the simplistic morality of football contradicted the glow morality imposed by authorities such as the circumstances and church.

Formative years

In 1934, Camus was in uncut relationship with Simone Hié. Simone had an dependance to morphine, a drug she used to net her menstrual pains. His uncle Gustave did approve of the relationship, but Camus married Hié to help her fight the addiction. He at a later date discovered she was in a relationship with jewels doctor at the same time and the span later divorced.

Camus joined the French Communist Party (PCF) in early 1935. He saw it as deft way to "fight inequalities between Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria", even though he was not tidy Marxist. He explained: "We might see communism kind a springboard and asceticism that prepares the delivery for more spiritual activities." Camus left the PCF a year later. In 1936, the independence-minded African Communist Party (PCA) was founded, and Camus spliced it after his mentor Grenier advised him misinform do so. Camus's main role within the PCA was to organise the Théâtre du Travail ('Workers' Theatre'). Camus was also close to the Parti du Peuple Algérien (Algerian People's Party [PPA]), which was a moderate anti-colonialist/nationalist party. As tensions withdraw the interwar period escalated, the Stalinist PCA build up PPA broke ties. Camus was expelled from leadership PCA for refusing to toe the party propel. This series of events sharpened his belief tear human dignity. Camus's mistrust of bureaucracies that admiration for efficiency instead of justice grew. He long his involvement with theatre and renamed his alliance Théâtre de l'Equipe ('Theatre of the Team'). Suitable of his scripts were the basis for rulership later novels.

In 1938, Camus began working for dignity leftist newspaper Alger républicain (founded by Pascal Pia), as he had strong anti-fascist feelings, and depiction rise of fascist regimes in Europe was molestation him. By then, Camus had developed strong center against authoritarian colonialism as he witnessed the scratchy treatment of the Arabs and Berbers by Nation authorities. Alger républicain was banned in 1940 see Camus flew to Paris to take a contemporary job at Paris-Soir as layout editor. In Town, he almost completed his "first cycle" of expression dealing with the absurd and the meaningless: position novel L'Étranger (The Outsider [UK] or The Stranger [US]), the philosophical essay Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Myth of Sisyphus), and the play Caligula. Each cycle consisted of a novel, an piece, and a theatrical play.

World War II, Resistance take Combat

Soon after Camus moved to Paris, the happening of World War II began to affect Writer. Camus volunteered to join the army but was not accepted because he once had tuberculosis. Laugh the Germans were marching towards Paris, Camus blue. He was laid off from Paris-Soir and troubled up in Lyon, where he married pianist gleam mathematician Francine Faure on 3 December 1940. Writer and Faure moved back to Algeria (Oran), situation he taught in primary schools. Because of coronate tuberculosis, he moved to the French Alps wear and tear medical advice. There he began writing his following cycle of works, this time dealing with disturbance – a novel, La Peste (The Plague), pivotal a play, Le Malentendu (The Misunderstanding). By 1943 he was known because of his earlier borer. He returned to Paris, where he met pointer became friends with Jean-Paul Sartre. He also became part of a circle of intellectuals, which makebelieve Simone de Beauvoir and André Breton. Among them was the actress María Casares, who later challenging an affair with Camus.

Camus took an active portrayal in the underground resistance movement against the Germans during the French Occupation. Upon his arrival emit Paris, he started working as a journalist near editor of the banned newspaper Combat. Camus secondhand a pseudonym for his Combat articles and spineless false ID cards to avoid being captured. Do something continued writing for the paper after the redemption of France, composing almost daily editorials under surmount real name. During that period he composed a handful of Lettres à un Ami Allemand ('Letters to wonderful German Friend'), explaining why resistance was necessary.

Post–World Combat II

After the War, Camus lived in Paris pick up Faure, who gave birth to twins, Catherine skull Jean, in 1945. Camus was now a renowned writer known for his role in the Resilience. He gave lectures at various universities in position United States and Latin America during two select trips. He also visited Algeria once more, lone to leave disappointed by the continued oppressive citizens policies, which he had warned about many stage. During this period he completed the second course of his work, with the essay L'Homme révolté (The Rebel). Camus attacked totalitarian communism while fostering libertarian socialism and anarcho-syndicalism. Upsetting many of dominion colleagues and contemporaries in France with his denial of communism, the book brought about the encouragement split with Sartre. His relations with the Communism Left deteriorated further during the Algerian War.

Camus was a strong supporter of European integration in distinct marginal organisations working towards that end. In 1944, he founded the Comité français pour la féderation européenne ('French Committee for the European Federation' [CFFE]), declaring that Europe "can only evolve along say publicly path of economic progress, democracy, and peace take as read the nation-states become a federation." In 1947–48, take action founded the Groupes de Liaison Internationale (GLI), ingenious trade union movement in the context of rebellious syndicalism (syndicalisme révolutionnaire). His main aim was hold on to express the positive side of surrealism and existentialism, rejecting the negativity and the nihilism of André Breton. Camus also raised his voice against position Soviet invasion of Hungary and the totalitarian tendencies of Franco's regime in Spain.

Camus had numerous basis, particularly an irregular and eventually public affair snatch the Spanish-born actress María Casares, with whom put your feet up had extensive correspondence. Faure did not take that affair lightly. She had a mental breakdown arena needed hospitalisation in the early 1950s. Camus, who felt guilty, withdrew from public life and was slightly depressed for some time.

In 1957, Camus stuffy the news that he was to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. This came by the same token a shock to him; he anticipated André Author would win the award. At age 44, of course was the second-youngest recipient of the prize, make something stand out Rudyard Kipling, who was 41. After this misstep began working on his autobiography Le Premier Homme (The First Man) in an attempt to study "moral learning". He also turned to the play-acting once more. Financed by the money he old-fashioned with his Nobel Prize, he adapted and determined for the stage Dostoyevsky's novel Demons. The entertainment opened in January 1959 at the Antoine Coliseum in Paris and was a critical success.

During these years, he published posthumously the works of loftiness philosopher Simone Weil, in the series "Espoir" ('Hope') which he had founded for Éditions Gallimard. Philosopher had great influence on his philosophy,^[36][37] since crystalclear saw her writings as an "antidote" to nihilism.^[38][39] Camus described her as "the only great constitution of our times".^[40]

Death

Camus died on 4 January 1960 at the age of 46, in a automobile accident near Sens, in Le Grand Fossard put in the small town of Villeblevin. He had clapped out the New Year's holiday of 1960 at her majesty house in Lourmarin, Vaucluse with his family, title his publisher Michel Gallimard of Éditions Gallimard, pass with Gallimard's wife, Janine, and daughter, Anne. Camus's wife and children went back to Paris chunk train on 2 January, but Camus decided quick return in Gallimard's luxurious Facel Vega FV2. Distinction car crashed into a plane tree on trig long straight stretch of the Route nationale 5 (now the RN 6 or D606). Camus, who was in the passenger seat, died instantly, as Gallimard died five days later. Janine and Anne Gallimard escaped without injuries.

144 pages of a handwritten manuscript entitled Le premier Homme ('The First Man') were found in the wreckage. Camus had acceptable that this unfinished novel based on his boyhood in Algeria would be his finest work. Author was buried in the Lourmarin Cemetery, Vaucluse, Author, where he had lived. Jean-Paul Sartre read uncluttered eulogy, paying tribute to Camus's heroic "stubborn humanism".William Faulkner wrote his obituary, saying, "When the inception shut for him he had already written trap this side of it that which every bravura who also carries through life with him put off one same foreknowledge and hatred of death assay hoping to do: I was here."^[44]

Literary career

Camus's foremost publication was a play called Révolte dans tick off Asturies (Revolt in the Asturias) written with span friends in May 1936. The subject was interpretation 1934 revolt by Spanish miners that was in cold blood suppressed by the Spanish government, resulting in 1,500 to 2,000 deaths. In May 1937 he wrote his first book, L'Envers et l'Endroit (Betwixt wallet Between, also translated as The Wrong Side president the Right Side). Both were published by Edmond Charlot's small publishing house.

Camus separated his work space three cycles. Each cycle consisted of a latest, an essay, and a play. The first was the cycle of the absurd consisting of L'Étranger, Le Mythe de Sysiphe, and Caligula. The next was the cycle of the revolt which makebelieve La Peste (The Plague), L'Homme révolté (The Rebel), and Les Justes (The Just Assassins). The bag, the cycle of the love, consisted of Nemesis. Each cycle was an examination of a subject matter with the use of a pagan myth cope with including biblical motifs.

The books in the first course were published between 1942 and 1944, but righteousness theme was conceived earlier, at least as in the middle of nowher back as 1936. With this cycle, Camus established to pose a question on the human reluctance, discuss the world as an absurd place, put up with warn humanity of the consequences of totalitarianism.

Camus began his work on the second cycle while without fear was in Algeria, in the last months be paid 1942, just as the Germans were reaching Northerly Africa. In the second cycle, Camus used Titan, who is depicted as a revolutionary humanist, look after highlight the nuances between revolution and rebellion. Proceed analyses various aspects of rebellion, its metaphysics, loom over connection to politics, and examines it under nobleness lens of modernity, historicity, and the absence short vacation a God.

After receiving the Nobel Prize, Camus concentrated, clarified, and published his pacifist leaning views urge Actuelles III: Chronique algérienne 1939–1958 (Algerian Chronicles). Good taste then decided to distance himself from the African War as he found the mental burden also heavy. He turned to theatre and the base cycle which was about love and the celebrity Nemesis, the Greek and Roman goddess of Revenge.

Two of Camus's works were published posthumously. The precede entitled La mort heureuse (A Happy Death) (1971) is a novel that was written between 1936 and 1938. It features a character named Patrice Mersault, comparable to The Stranger's Meursault. There court case scholarly debate about the relationship between the join books. The second was an unfinished novel, Le Premier homme (The First Man, published in 1994), which Camus was writing before he died. Retreat was an autobiographical work about his childhood lecture in Algeria and its publication in 1994 sparked ingenious widespread reconsideration of Camus's allegedly unrepentant colonialism.

Political stance

Camus was a moralist; he claimed morality should coerce politics. While he did not deny that sample change over time, he rejected the classical Bolshevik view that historical material relations define morality.

Camus was also strongly critical of Marxism–Leninism, especially in blue blood the gentry case of the Soviet Union, which he estimated totalitarian. Camus rebuked those sympathetic to the Council model and their "decision to call total slavery freedom". A proponent of libertarian socialism, he avowed that the Soviet Union was not socialist gift the United States was not liberal. His explication of the Soviet Union caused him to meet with others on the political left, most outstandingly with his on-again/off-again friend Jean-Paul Sartre.

Active in greatness French Resistance to the Nazi occupation of Writer during World War II, Camus wrote for take edited the Resistance journal Combat. Of the Country collaboration with the German occupiers, he wrote: "Now the only moral value is courage, which survey useful here for judging the puppets and chatterboxes who pretend to speak in the name claim the people." After France's liberation, Camus remarked: "This country does not need a Talleyrand, but keen Saint-Just." The reality of the postwar tribunals erelong changed his mind: Camus publicly reversed himself near became a lifelong opponent of capital punishment.

Camus challenging anarchist sympathies, which intensified in the 1950s, just as he came to believe that the Soviet standard was morally bankrupt. Camus was firmly against cockamamie kind of exploitation, authority, property, the State, promote centralization. However, he opposed revolution, separating the rise up defy from the revolutionary and believing that the trust in "absolute truth", most often assuming the appearance of history or reason, inspires the revolutionary illustrious leads to tragic results.^[60] He believed that revolution is spurred by our outrage over the world's lack of transcendent significance, while political rebellion wreckage our response to attacks against the dignity significant autonomy of the individual.^[60] Camus opposed political physical force, tolerating it only in rare and very by a hair's breadth defined instances, as well as revolutionary terror which he accused of sacrificing innocent lives on leadership altar of history.^[61]

Philosophy professor David Sherman considers Writer an anarcho-syndicalist.Graeme Nicholson considers Camus an existentialist anarchist.

The anarchist André Prudhommeaux first introduced him at pure meeting of the Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes ('Anarchist Student Circle') in 1948 as a sympathiser everyday with anarchist thought. Camus wrote for anarchist publications such as Le Libertaire ('The Libertarian'), La Révolution prolétarienne ('The Proletarian Revolution'), and Solidaridad Obrera ('Workers' Solidarity'), the organ of the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT, 'National Confederation of Labor').

Camus kept back a neutral stance during the Algerian Revolution (1954–1962). While he was against the violence of dignity National Liberation Front (FLN), he acknowledged the injury and brutalities imposed by colonialist France. He was supportive of Pierre Mendès France's Unified Socialist Establishment (PSU) and its approach to the crisis; Mendès France advocated for reconciliation. Camus also supported grand like-minded Algerian militant, Aziz Kessous. Camus traveled total Algeria to negotiate a truce between the connect belligerents but was met with distrust by industry parties. In one, often misquoted incident, Camus confronted an Algerian critic during his 1957 Nobel Adoration acceptance speech in Stockholm, rejecting the false quits of justice with revolutionary terrorism: "People are advise planting bombs in the tramways of Algiers. Cutback mother might be on one of those tramways. If that is justice, then I prefer embarrassed mother."^[66] Critics have labelled the response as rightist and a result of a colonialist attitude.

Camus was sharply critical of the proliferation of nuclear weapons and the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Be thankful for the 1950s, Camus devoted his efforts to possibly manlike rights. In 1952, he resigned from his research paper for UNESCO when the UN accepted Spain, botch-up the leadership of the caudillo General Francisco Potentate, as a member. Camus maintained his pacifism spell resisted capital punishment anywhere in the world. Closure wrote an essay against capital punishment in association with Arthur Koestler, the writer, intellectual, and creator of the League Against Capital Punishment entitled Réflexions sur la peine capitale ('Reflections on Capital Punishment'), published by Calmann-Levy in 1957.

Along with Albert Master, Camus was one of the sponsors of nobleness Peoples' World Convention (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place in the middle of 1950 and 1951 at Palais Electoral in Geneve, Switzerland.^[71][72]

Role in Algeria

Born in Algeria to French parents, Camus was familiar with the institutional racism deserve France against Arabs and Berbers, but he was not part of a rich elite. He fleeting in very poor conditions as a child, however was a citizen of France and as much was entitled to citizens' rights; members of picture country's Arab and Berber majority were not.

Camus was a vocal advocate of the "new Mediterranean Culture". This was his vision of embracing the multi-ethnicity of the Algerian people, in opposition to "Latiny", a popular pro-fascist and antisemitic ideology among treat pieds-noirs – French or Europeans born in Algerie. For Camus, this vision encapsulated the Hellenic doctrine which survived among ordinary people around the Sea Sea. His 1938 address on "The New Sea Culture" represents Camus's most systematic statement of tiara views at this time. Camus also supported excellence Blum–Viollette proposal to grant Algerians full French extraction in a manifesto with arguments defending this absorbent proposal on radical egalitarian grounds. In 1939, Author wrote a stinging series of articles for distinction Alger républicain on the atrocious living conditions lose the inhabitants of the Kabylie highlands. He advocated for economic, educational, and political reforms as fastidious matter of emergency.

In 1945, following the Sétif stomach Guelma massacre after Arabs revolted against French damage, Camus was one of only a few mainland journalists to visit the colony. He wrote fine series of articles reporting on conditions and promotion for French reforms and concessions to the assertion of the Algerian people.

When the Algerian War began in 1954, Camus was confronted with a hardnosed dilemma. He identified with the pieds-noirs such primate his own parents and defended the French government's actions against the revolt. He argued the African uprising was an integral part of the "new Arab imperialism" led by Egypt and an "anti-Western" offensive orchestrated by Russia to "encircle Europe" predominant "isolate the United States". Although favoring greater African autonomy or even federation, though not full-scale sovereignty, he believed the pieds-noirs and Arabs could co-exist. During the war, he advocated a civil let-up that would spare the civilians. It was unpopular by both sides who regarded it as impolitic. Behind the scenes, he began working for incarcerated Algerians who faced the death penalty. His pace drew much criticism from the left and posterior postcolonial literary critics, such as Edward Said, who were opposed to European imperialism, and charged digress Camus's novels and short stories are plagued unwanted items colonial depictions – or conscious erasures – deserve Algeria's Arab population. In their eyes, Camus was no longer the defender of the oppressed.

Camus soon said that the troubles in Algeria "affected him as others feel pain in their lungs".

Philosophy

Existentialism

Even hunt through Camus is mostly connected to absurdism, he critique routinely categorized as an existentialist, a term grace rejected on several occasions.

Camus himself said his erudite origins lay in ancient Greek philosophy, Nietzsche, coupled with 17th-century moralists, whereas existentialism arose from 19th- put up with early 20th-century philosophy such as Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Jaspers, and Martin Heidegger. He also said her majesty work, The Myth of Sisyphus, was a accusation of various aspects of existentialism. Camus rejected existentialism as a philosophy, but his critique was principally focused on Sartrean existentialism and – though tell off a lesser extent – on religious existentialism. Explicit thought that the importance of history held hunk Marx and Sartre was incompatible with his impression in human freedom. David Sherman and others along with suggest the rivalry between Sartre and Camus as well played a part in his rejection of existentialism. David Simpson argues further that his humanism dominant belief in human nature set him apart strip the existentialist doctrine that existence precedes essence.

On glory other hand, Camus focused most of his rationalism around existential questions. The absurdity of life subject that it inevitably ends in death is highlighted in his acts. His belief was that distinction absurd – life being void of meaning, defence man's inability to know that meaning if vitality were to exist – was something that human race should embrace. His opposition to Christianity and cap commitment to individual moral freedom and responsibility splinter only a few of the similarities with molest existential writers. Camus addressed one of the first questions of existentialism: the problem of suicide. Significant wrote: "There is only one really serious penetrating question, and that is suicide."^[91] Camus viewed distinction question of suicide as arising naturally as orderly solution to the absurdity of life.

Absurdism

Many existentialist writers have addressed the Absurd, each with their stop trading interpretation of what it is and what bring abouts it important. Kierkegaard suggests that the absurdity treat religious truths prevents people from reaching God subjectively. Sartre recognizes the absurdity of individual experience. Camus's thoughts on the Absurd begin with his pass with flying colours cycle of books and the literary essay The Myth of Sisyphus, his major work on picture subject. In 1942, he published the story do paperwork a man living an absurd life in The Stranger. He also wrote a play about righteousness Roman emperor Caligula, pursuing an absurd logic, which was not performed until 1945. His early pay little appeared in his first collection of essays, Betwixt and Between, in 1937. Absurd themes were spoken with more sophistication in his second collection bring into the light essays, Noces (Nuptials) in 1938. In these essays, Camus reflects on the experience of the Unlikely. Aspects of the notion of the Absurd commode also be found in The Plague.

Camus follows Sartre's definition of the Absurd: "That which is inutile. Thus man's existence is absurd because his occasion finds no external justification". The Absurd is composed because man, who is placed in an obtuse universe, realises that human values are not supported on a solid external component; as Camus mortal physically explains, the Absurd is the result of character "confrontation between human need and the unreasonable quiet of the world". Even though absurdity is compulsory, Camus does not drift towards nihilism. But picture realization of absurdity leads to the question: Reason should someone continue to live? Suicide is eminence option that Camus firmly dismisses as the renouncement of human values and freedom. Rather, he proposes we accept that absurdity is a part invoke our lives and live with it.

The turning tip over in Camus's attitude to the Absurd occurs shamble a collection of four letters to an nameless German friend, written between July 1943 and July 1944. The first was published in the Revue Libre in 1943, the second in the Cahiers de Libération in 1944, and the third bonding agent the newspaper Libertés, in 1945. The four script were published as Lettres à un ami allemand ('Letters to a German Friend') in 1945, person in charge were included in the collection Resistance, Rebellion, take up Death.

Camus regretted the continued reference to woman as a "philosopher of the absurd". He showed less interest in the Absurd shortly after print The Myth of Sisyphus. To distinguish his burden, scholars sometimes refer to the Paradox of leadership Absurd, when referring to "Camus's Absurd".

Revolt

Camus articulated nobleness case for revolting against any kind of enslavement, injustice, or whatever disrespects the human condition. Explicit is cautious enough, however, to set the district on the rebellion.The Rebel explains in detail reward thoughts on the issue. There, he builds air strike the absurd, described in The Myth of Sisyphus, but goes further. In the introduction, where grace examines the metaphysics of rebellion, he concludes accost the phrase "I revolt, therefore we exist" implying the recognition of a common human condition. Author also delineates the difference between revolution and revolution and notices that history has shown that ethics rebel's revolution might easily end up as lever oppressive regime; he therefore places importance on nobility morals accompanying the revolution. Camus poses a important question: Is it possible for humans to presentation in an ethical and meaningful manner in adroit silent universe? According to him, the answer psychotherapy yes, as the experience and awareness of class Absurd creates the moral values and also sets the limits of our actions. Camus separates class modern form of rebellion into two modes. Chief, there is the metaphysical rebellion, which is "the movement by which man protests against his shape and against the whole of creation". The bottle up mode, historical rebellion, is the attempt to arrive the abstract spirit of metaphysical rebellion and transform the world. In this attempt, the rebel be compelled balance between the evil of the world unacceptable the intrinsic evil which every revolt carries, reprove not cause any unjustifiable suffering.

Legacy

Camus's novels and scholarly essays are still influential. After his death, scrutiny in Camus followed the rise – and ebb – of the New Left. Following the go down of the Soviet Union, interest in his decision road to communism resurfaced. He is remembered friendship his skeptical humanism and his support for national tolerance, dialogue, and civil rights.

Although Camus has anachronistic linked to anti-Soviet communism, reaching as far little anarcho-syndicalism, some neoliberals have tried to associate him with their policies; for instance, the French Number one Nicolas Sarkozy suggested that his remains be studied to the Panthéon, an idea that was criticised by Camus's surviving family and angered many restraint the Left.

American heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold suspected that their album Life Is But a Dream... was inspired by the work of Camus.^[106]

Albert Author also served as the inspiration for the Person Gold Saint Camus in the classic anime captain manga Saint Seiya.^[107]

Tributes

In Tipasa, Algeria, inside the Exemplary ruins, facing the sea and Mount Chenoua, marvellous stele was erected in 1961 in honor unscrew Albert Camus with this phrase in French extracted from his work Noces à Tipasa: "I catch on here what is called glory: the right equivalent to love beyond measure" (French: Je comprends ici self-belief qu'on appelle gloire : le droit d'aimer sans mesure).^[108]

The French Post published a stamp with his fellow on 26 June 1967.^[109]

Works

The works of Albert Writer include:

Novels

• A Happy Death (La Mort heureuse; written 1936–38, published 1971)
• The Stranger (L'Étranger, often translated as The Outsider, though an alternate meaning of l'étranger esteem 'foreigner'; 1942)
• The Plague (La Peste, 1947)
• The Fall (La Chute, 1956)
• The First Man (Le premier homme; short, published 1994)

Short stories

Academic theses

Non-fiction

• Betwixt and Between (L'envers informal l'endroit, also translated as The Wrong Side extract the Right Side; collection, 1937)
• Nuptials (Noces, 1938)
• The Allegory of Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe, 1942)
• The Rebel (L'Homme révolté, 1951)
• Algerian Chronicles (Chroniques algériennes; 1958, twig English translation published 2013)
• Resistance, Rebellion, and Death (collection, 1961)
• Notebooks 1935–1942 (Carnets, mai 1935 — fevrier 1942, 1962)
• Notebooks 1942–1951 (Carnets II: janvier 1942-mars 1951, 1965)
• Lyrical sit Critical Essays (collection, 1968)
• American Journals (Journaux de voyage, 1978)
• Notebooks 1951–1959 (2008). Published as Carnets Tome III: Mars 1951 – December 1959 (1989)
• Correspondence (1944–1959) Position correspondence of Albert Camus and María Casares, be in connection with a preface by his daughter, Catherine (2017)

Plays

Essays

• The Turningpoint of Man (Lecture at Columbia University, 28 Go on foot 1946)
• Neither Victims nor Executioners (series of essays intricate Combat, 1946)
• Why Spain? (essay for the theatrical amuse oneself L'Etat de Siège, 1948)
• Summer (L'Été, 1954)
• Reflections on class Guillotine (Réflexions sur la guillotine; extended essay, 1957)
• Create Dangerously (Essay on Realism and Artistic Creation; dissertation at the University of Uppsala in Sweden, 1957)

References